| Summary: | Islamic immigration is perceived by some Europeans as representing a threat to national identity. This has certainly favored the advancement of populist parties in almost all of the EU member countries. From a conceptual point of view, “Islamophobia” reduces religion to ethnicity, so that the religious element is used as a factor to discriminate against an identity, while the reality of the Islamic presence in Europe is, by its nature, ethnically and religiously pluralistic. Islamophobia must be fought by promoting integration, calling into question both public institutions and civil society.
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