Tabla de Contenidos: “…-- Preface xix -- 1 Introduction 1 -- 1.1 Motivation 1 -- 1.2 Evolution of Macro to Heterogeneous Networks 2 -- 1.3 Challenges 3 -- 1.4 Structure of the Book 4 -- References 5 -- 2 Indoor Wireless Technologies 7 -- 2.1 Cellular 7 -- 2.1.1 The Cellular Concept 8 -- 2.1.2 GSM 9 -- 2.1.3 UMTS 11 -- 2.1.4 HSPA 12 -- 2.1.5 LTE 13 -- 2.2 Wi-Fi 14 -- 2.2.1 History 14 -- 2.2.2 Medium Access Control (MAC) Sublayer 16 -- 2.2.3 Physical Layer 17 -- 2.2.4 Industry Bodies 17 -- 2.2.4.1 Wi-Fi Alliance 17 -- 2.2.4.2 IEEE 802.11 17 -- 2.2.4.3 The Wireless Broadband Alliance 17 -- 2.2.5 Wi-Fi Standards 18 -- 2.2.5.1 IEEE 802.11-1997 18 -- 2.2.5.2 IEEE 802.11a 18 -- 2.2.5.3 IEEE 802.11b 18 -- 2.2.5.4 IEEE 802.11g 18 -- 2.2.5.5 IEEE 802.11-2007 18 -- 2.2.5.6 IEEE 802.11n 18 -- 2.2.6 Spectrum 19 -- 2.2.6.1 2.4 GHz Band 19 -- 2.2.6.2 5 GHz Band 20 -- 2.2.7 Modulation Schemes Used in Wi-Fi 21 -- 2.2.8 Multiple Access (MA) Techniques 21 -- 2.2.8.1 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 21 -- 2.2.8.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 22 -- 2.2.8.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 23 -- 2.2.9 Power Levels 24 -- 2.2.10 Performance Indicators 25 -- 2.2.11 Target Signal Levels and Link Budgets 25 -- 2.2.12 Interference Challenges 29 -- 2.2.13 Channel Planning 29 -- 2.2.13.1 Single-Floor and Vertical Channel Planning 30 -- 2.2.13.2 Multichannel Access Points 31 -- 2.2.13.3 Automated Planning 31 -- 2.2.14 Mobility Issues 31 -- 2.2.14.1 Layer 2 Roam 32 -- 2.2.14.2 Layer 3 Roam 32 -- 2.3 Bluetooth 33 -- 2.4 ZigBee 36 -- 2.5 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 37 -- 2.6 Private Mobile Radio (PMR) 39 -- 2.6.1 PMR Elements 40 -- 2.6.2 Attributes 40 -- 2.6.3 TETRA 41 -- 2.7 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) 42 -- References 44 -- 3 System Requirements 45 -- 3.1 Environments 45 -- 3.1.1 Corporate Buildings 46 -- 3.1.2 Airports 47 -- 3.1.3 Trains and Railway Stations 50 -- 3.1.4 Shopping Centres 52 -- 3.1.5 Hospitals 53 -- 3.1.6 Arenas and Stadiums 54 -- 3.1.6.1 What Makes a Stadium so Special? …”