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“…It reviews the biosynthesis and properties of BC, including genetics and characterization; discusses the advancing technology as it relates to product development, bioreactors, and production; and analyzes the economic impact of BC on a diverse range of industry applications, including materials and biomaterials, biological and polymer sciences, and electromechanical engineering…”

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Tabla de Contenidos: “…Zimbabwe Communication 294/04, 26e rapport d'activités (2008) -- Résolutions-clé de la Commission Africaine -- Processus electoral et gouvernance participative (1996) -- Résolution sur le statut des institutions nationales des droits de l'homme auprès de la Commission africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples (1998) -- Résolution sur la révision des critères d'octroi et de jouissance du statut d'observateur aux organisations non-gouvernementales s'occupant des droits de l'homme auprès de la Commission africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples (1999) -- Résolution sur le droit a un procès équitable et à l'assistance judiciaire en Afrique (« Déclaration de Dakar ») (1999) -- Résolution appelant les États a envisager un moratoire sur la peine capitale (1999) -- Résolution sur la pandémie du VIH/SIDA, menace contre les droits de l'homme et l'humanité (2001) -- Résolution sur l'adoption de la déclaration de principes sur la liberté d'expression en Afrique (2002) -- Résolutions sur les lignes directrices et mesures d'interdiction et de prévention de la torture et des peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants en Afrique (« les lignes directrices de Robben Island sur la torture ») (2002) -- Directives et principes sur le droit à un procès équitable et à l'assistance judiciaire en Afrique (2003) -- Résolution sur la protection des défenseurs des droits de l'homme en Afrique (2004) -- Résolution sur le mandat du rapporteur spécial sur les réfugiés, les demandeurs d'asile et les personnes déplacées en Afrique (2004) -- Résolution sur le mandat et la désignation d'un rapporteur spécial sur la liberté d'expression en Afrique (2004) -- Déclaration de Pretoria sur les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels en Afrique (2004) -- Résolution sur le statut de la femme en afrique et sur l'entrée en vigueur du Protocole a la Charte africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples relatif aux droits de la femme en Afrique (2005) -- Résolution pour mettre un terme a l'impunité en Afrique et sur l'incorporation et la mise en oeuvre du Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale (2005) -- Résolution sur la protection des droits de l'homme et de l'état de droit dans la lutte contre le terrorisme (2005) -- Résolution sur la situation des droits de l'homme dans la région du Darfour au Soudan (2005) -- Résolution sur l'importance de la mise en oeuvre des recommandations de la commission africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples par les Etats parties (2006) -- Résolution sur le droit à un recours et à réparation pour les femmes et les filles victimes de violence sexuelle (2007) -- Résolution sur l'élargissement du domaine de compétence et la reconduction du Rapporteur spécial sur la liberté d'expression et l'accès à l'information en Afrique (2007) -- Résolution sur les élections dans les pays africains (2008) -- Résolution sur la situation des droits de l'homme en république de la Gambie (2008) -- Résolution sur la mortalité maternelle en Afrique (2008) -- Résolution exhortant les etats parties à observer le moratoire sur la peine de mort (2008) -- Résolution sur l'accès à la santé et aux médicaments essentiels en Afrique (2008) -- Résolution sur la création d'un groupe de travail sur les industries extractives, l'environnement et les violations des droits de l'homme en Afrique (2009) -- Résolution sur la création d'un comité consultatif sur les questions budgétaires et du personnel (2009) -- Résolution sur la transformation du point focal sur les droits des personnes âgées en Afrique (2009) -- Résolution sur la coopération entre la Commission africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples et le comité africain d'experts sur les droits et le bien-être de l'enfant (2009) -- Résolution sur la détérioration de la situation des droits de l'homme en République de Gambie (2009) -- Résolution sur la création d'un comite sur la protection des droits des personnes vivant avec le VIH (PVVIH) et les personnes à risque (2010) -- Résolution sur l'abrogation des lois pénalisant la diffamation en Afrique (2010) -- Résolution sur la sécurité des journalistes et des professionnels des médias en Afrique (2011) -- Résolution sur la situation des défenseurs des droits de l'homme en Afrique (2011) -- Résolution sur l'extension du mandat du groupe de travail sur la peine de mort en Afrique (2012) -- Résolution sur le droit à un logement décent et à la protection contre les expulsions forcées (2012) -- Résolution sur le droit à la nationalité (2013) -- Résolution sur la fuite illicite des capitaux en provenance d'afrique (2013) -- LE COMITÉ AFRICAIN DES EXPERTS SUR LES DROITS ET LE BIEN-ÊTRE DE L'ENFANT -- Recommandations et observations adressées au gouvernement de la République d'Ouganda par le Comité africain d'experts sur les droits et le bien être de l'enfant sur le rapport initial de mise en oeuvre de la Charte africaine des droits et du bien être de l'enfant (2010) -- IHRDA et Open Society Justice Initiative (OSJI) (au nom d'enfants d'ascendance nubienne au Kenya) c. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Motivation xviii About the Authors xxv 1 Globalization: Economies in Collision 1 Motivation 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Trend and Challenges in Global Finance 5 1.2.1 Global Finance and the 2007-2008 Financial Crisis 5 1.2.2 Geopolitics and Finance or Geo-Finance 7 1.2.3 Population Growth 9 1.2.4 Geo-Finance and Gating 9 1.2.5 Culture and Social Norms 10 1.2.6 Emerging Economies, Equalization, and Risks 11 1.2.7 Regulation and Politics 12 1.3 Global Finance and Trade in the Media and News 12 1.3.1 Taxing Foreign Returns When They Are Repatriated 12 1.3.2 Sovereign Gating and Protective Tariffs, Trade Defense 12 1.3.3 Global Insurance and Dependence 13 1.3.4 Finance and Politics 13 1.3.5 EU-US Regulation Risks in a Trans-Atlantic Market 13 1.3.6 Rare Earth and Strategic Trades 14 1.4 Global Risks 15 1.4.1 Factors Affecting Global Risks 15 1.4.2 Global Finance and Risk Theories 17 1.5 Global Finance and Swaps and Financial Products 18 1.6 Currencies and Liquidity 20 1.7 Foreign Exchange Regime and Markets, Global Payment, and Reserve Currency 23 1.7.1 Foreign Exchange Markets and Global Trade Currency 24 1.7.2 Exchange Rate Regimes 28 1.7.3 Foreign Exchange Reserve Currencies 29 1.7.4 Exchange Rate in Emerging Markets 30 1.8 Trade Incentives and Repressions 33 1.9 Historical Evolution 36 1.9.1 The Gold Standard System 36 1.9.2 The Bretton Woods Agreement 37 1.9.3 The Yuan Exchange Rate: An Example 38 1.10 Archaic and Modern Globalization: A Time Path 40 1.11 Discussions on Global Issues 44 References 46 2 Data, Measurements, and Global Finance 51 Motivation 51 2.1 Data and Models 51 2.1.1 National Accounts and Country-Specific Data 52 2.1.2 Financial Data 53 2.1.3 Corporate and Statistical Measurements 53 2.1.4 Big Data and Model-Less Finance 56 2.1.5 Technology and Financial Data 59 2.1.6 Transforming Data Management in Global Finance 60 2.2 Global Finance, Data Reduction, and Statistical Measurements 61 2.2.1 Moments 61 2.2.2 Skew and Kurtosis (Tails) 63 2.2.3 Outliers, Extreme Statistics, and Fat Tails 65 2.2.4 Extreme Risks 65 2.2.5 Time Series and Filtration 66 2.2.6 Dependence 67 2.2.7 Risk Exposure 75 2.3 Volatility and Implied Models Estimates 76 2.3.1 Simple Volatility Estimates 76 2.3.2 Implied Volatility 77 2.3.3 Moving Average and Autoregressive Moving Average Models 79 2.3.4 ARCH-GARCH Volatility Models 80 2.3.5 ARCH-GARCH Model: Empirical Evidence 82 2.4 Stochastic Models 86 2.4.1 The Constant Rate of Return Hypothesis 88 2.4.2 Autoregressive and Mean Reverting Models 90 2.5 Multivariate Probability Models 91 2.5.1 Bernoulli and Codependence: Qualitative Data 92 2.5.2 Multivariate Qualitative Data 93 2.5.3 Copulas and Multivariate Models 96 2.6 Statistical Data Reduction 100 2.7 Complexity: The Global Risk Finance Scourge 102 2.8 Discussion 103 References 104 3 Global Finance: Utility, Financial Consumption, and Asset Pricing 110 Motivation 110 3.1 Introduction: Financial Models and Pricing 110 3.1.1 The Walras-Arrow-Debreu Preference-Free Q Framework 111 3.1.2 Utility Finance 113 3.1.3 Utility Preferences and Pricing 114 3.2 Review: Elements of Utility and Risk 116 3.2.1 Utility and Risk Preferences 117 3.2.2 Selected Utility Functions 119 3.3 The Utility of Consumption and its Price 119 3.3.1 Example: The Financial Utility of Consumption 120 3.3.2 The Utility of Financial Consumption 121 3.4 The Capital Assets Pricing Model 123 3.4.1 Discussion 125 3.4.2 The Jensen Alpha Case: η = α−Rf 0 125 3.4.3 The Arbitrage Pricing Theory 126 3.4.4 The Capital Assets Pricing Model and Foreign Exchange 127 3.4.5 Pricing Foreign Exchange Rates and a Basket of Foreign Exchange Rates 128 3.4.6 Thought Experiment 130 3.4.7 Linear Regressions, Capital Assets Pricing Model, and Global Finance 130 3.5 Review of Elements of Arrow-Debreu and Q Pricing 131 3.5.1 Applications of the Arrow-Debreu Framework 134 3.5.2 Pricing a Foreign Bond and Foreign Exchange Rates 134 3.5.3 Global Investment Pricing: A Binomial Model 137 3.5.4 Global Investment Pricing: A Portfolio Problem 139 3.5.5 Foreign Exchange, Consumer Price Index, and Purchasing Power Parity 141 3.5.6 Relative Purchasing Power Parity 141 3.6 The Multiperiod Consumption-Based Capital Asset Pricing Model 142 3.6.1 Example: Pricing Exports 144 3.6.2 Example: The Multiagent Consumption-Based Capital Asset Pricing Model 145 3.6.3 Example: Portfolio Investment 146 3.6.4 The Capital Assets Pricing Model as a Special Case of the Consumption-Based Capital Asset Pricing Model 149 3.6.5 Foreign Exchange Rates, Bonds, and Equity 150 3.6.6 Example: Rate of Returns in Foreign Equity Markets and the Foreign Exchange Rate 153 3.7 Thought Experiments 154 References 155 4 Macroeconomics, Foreign Exchange, and Global Finance 157 Motivation 157 4.1 Introduction 157 4.2 Fundamental Macroeconomic Models 158 4.2.1 The Keynes Model: Goods and Money Markets in a Closed Economy 159 4.2.2 Macroeconomic Accounting in Open Economies 162 4.3 Balance of Payments Accounts 165 4.3.1 The Structure of Balance of Payments 165 4.3.2 Principles of Balance of Payments 167 4.3.3 Global External Imbalances 168 4.4 The Mundell and Fleming Model: IS-LM-BOP Model 171 4.4.1 Equilibrium Exchange Rate in the Foreign Exchange Market 171 4.4.2 IS-LM-BOP Model 173 4.4.3 Two-Country Model with Mundell-Fleming 175 4.4.4 Extension of the Mundell-Fleming Model: Trade 176 4.5 Macroeconomic Factors Reshaping Global Outlook 178 4.5.1 Foreign Direct Investment 178 4.5.2 External Debt and its Sustainability 182 4.5.3 Government Bonds and other Macroeconomic Factors 184 4.5.4 The Impact of a Strong US Dollar 185 4.5.5 The US Dollar and Commodity Prices 186 4.5.6 Globalization and Economic Inequalities 187 4.6 Conclusion 190 References 191 5 Foreign Exchange Models and Prices 195 Motivation 195 5.1 Introduction 195 5.2 Macroeconomic Models of Foreign Exchange Rates 196 5.2.1 Underlying Factors for Modeling Foreign Exchange Prices 196 5.2.2 Classification of Foreign Exchange Models 197 5.3 Exchange Rates and Purchasing Power Parity 198 5.3.1 Purchasing Power Parity and the Law of One Price 198 5.3.2 Application of the Law of One Price and Purchasing Power Parity 200 5.4 Foreign Exchange Rates and Interest Rates: The Assets Approach 204 5.4.1 Covered Interest Arbitrage 204 5.4.2 Uncovered Interest Parities 205 5.4.3 Real Interest Parity 206 5.4.4 Testing Uncovered Interest Parity 206 5.5 Demand and Supply of Money and Exchange Rates: Monetary Approach 207 5.5.1 The Frenkel-Mussa Model 208 5.5.2 Foreign Exchange Prices and Inflation 209 5.5.3 The Unified Asset/Monetary Approaches 211 5.5.4 Empirical Evidence on the Monetary Model of Exchange Rate 211 5.6 Extensions of the Models 212 5.6.1 The Balassa-Samuelson Model 212 5.6.2 The Dornbusch Overshooting Model 215 5.6.3 The Real Interest Differential Theory 219 5.6.4 Present-Value Models: Complete and Incomplete Markets 219 5.7 Conclusions 221 Appendix 5.A: Suggested Empirical Work for Econometric and Statistical Analysis 222 References 223 6 Asia: Financial Environment and Risks 226 Motivation 226 6.1 Introduction 226 6.2 Driving Engines of Economic Growth in Asia 228 6.2.1 International Trade 229 6.2.2 Exchange Rate 229 6.2.3 Foreign Investments Expansion 234 6.3 Financial Sector Development in Asia 235 6.3.1 Fast-Growing Banking Sector 237 6.3.2 Bond Market Development 239 6.3.3 Stock Market Development 242 6.4 Risks of Investing in Asia 245 6.4.1 Foreign Exchange Risk 245 6.4.2 Foreign Exchange Option 248 6.4.3 Portfolio with Asian Assets 249 6.5 Financial Development in China 251 6.5.1 Importance of the Banking Sector in China 252 6.5.2 State-Owned Enterprises 254 6.5.3 Challenges in Equity Markets in China 257 6.5.4 Stock Market Development in China 257 6.6 Finance in Japan 260 6.6.1 Banking Sector in Japan 260 6.6.2 Effectiveness of Corporate Governance 260 6.6.3 The Importance of Industry 261 6.6.4 Bond Market Volatility in Japan 263 6.7 Conclusion 265 References 266 7 Financial Currency Pricing, Swaps, Derivatives, and Complete Markets 269 Motivation 269 7.1 Introduction 269 7.2 Pricing Consumption Price Index and Foreign Exchange in Complete Financial Markets 272 7.3 A Generalized Consumption Price Index Foreign Exchange Pricing Model 276 7.4 Relative and Foreign Exchange Basket Price Tracking 278 7.4.1 Currency Basket Design 281 7.4.2 A Global Index Consumption Price Index Price Reversion and Foreign Exchange Prices 284 7.4.3 Global Index Reversion…”