“…More specifically, the country needs to pursue fiscal consolidation and remove existing rigidities in the budget process. …”

“…These taxing effects were often partly compensated by increased input-linked support to farmers, which had a relatively high fiscal cost in some instances…”

“…In addition, the use of federal transfers as collateral for states' borrowing potentially undermines the role of financial markets in disciplining fiscal behaviour. Getting the most out of decentralisation would thus require a national agreement clarifying responsibilities for each level of government. …”

“…All social welfare benefits are to some degree subsidized or mandated by the state — in part it is the public intervention by fiscal or legal means that makes these benefits “social.” …”

“…In the face of growing infrastructure needs and fiscal constraints, such transformational change will require large-scale private sector engagement. …”

“…We argue that these assumptions do not hold in the current borrowing environment characterized by fiscal dominance with complex links between PDM and monetary policy (MP). …”

“…It also tests empirically, using pooled time-series techniques (that control for the influence of relative cyclical positions, government fiscal balances and the real exchange rate), whether or not reforms in these areas would have any significant relationship with current accounts. …”

“…The paper further argues that prudent postcrisis fiscal policy, by balancing the federal budget over the oil-price cycle, has also been essential for creating a macroeconomic environment conducive to strong growth. …”

“…On the basis of an event analysis of past reversals, it appears that structural breaks are associated with shifts in the fiscal stance, exchange rate parities and potential output growth, a finding that underscores the scope for macroeconomic and structural policies to ensure the sustainability of external positions while avoiding potentially disruptive reversals. …”

“…In Sweden, eco-taxes have been introduced as part of a broad fiscal reform, while in other countries the approach is more piecemeal. …”

“…Fassung) -Demand and Output -Analysis of Fiscal Policies -Labour Force, Employment and Unemployment -Recent Inflation Envelopments -Inflation Projections -Wages, Labour Costs and Capital Income -Exchange Rates -Foreign Trade TECHNISCHER ANHANG (in engl. …”

“…DER WEG IN DEN AUFSCHWUNG DIE WIRTSCHAFTSPOLITISCHE ENTSCHEIDUNGSFINDUNG SEIT MITTE DER SECHZIGER JAHRE INLANDISCHE UND INTERNATIONALE ENTWICKLUNG -Konjunkturelle Bestimmungsfaktoren -Finanzielle und finanzpolitische Entwicklung -Arbeitsmärkte und Inflation -Handel und ausländische Direktinvestitionen -Wirtschaftliche Entwicklungen außerhalb der OECD -Mittel- und Osteuropa -Sonstige Regionen ENTWICKLUNG IN DEN EINZELNEN LANDERN In englischer Fassung: -USA -Japan -Deutschland -Frankreich -Italien -Großbritannien -Kanada -Osterreich -Schweiz -Australia -Austria -Belgium -Denmark -Finland -Greece -Iceland -Ireland -Luxemburg -Netherlands -New Zealand -Norway -Portugal -Spain -Sweden -Switzerland -Turkey EINZELPROJEKTIONEN UND HINTERGRUNDINFORMATIONEN (in englischer Fassung) -Demand and Output -Analysis of Fiscal Policies -Labour Force, Employment and Unemployment -Recent Inflation Developments -Inflation Projections -Wages, Labour Costs and Capital Income -Foreign Trade TECHNISCHER ANHANG (in englischer Fassung) -Sources and Methods -Country Classification -Reference Statistics…”

“…Income-contingent loans facilitate access to college at low fiscal cost and without the inefficiency and inequities that accompany grants, subsidies or tax concessions. …”

“…The scope for increasing social spending is constrained by the fiscal situation. Instead, reversing the upward trend in inequality and poverty requires reforms to reduce labour market dualism and better target social spending on low-income households, particularly single parents. …”

“…Finally, governments deferred a larger share of renegotiation’s fiscal costs in State-led renegotiations that took place during their last year in office…”

“…Such progress will allow Austrians to make more informed choices between the length of their work and contribution periods and retirement length and income according to their preferences, without threatening fiscal sustainability. With female labour force participation rising, family policies should help reconcile equality of opportunity within families by promoting the availability, affordability and quality of support services. …”

“…The main issues considered are fiscal incentives for private R&D, the role of public research organisations, the regulation of intellectual property, the availability of finance, and the supply of skilled human resources for science and technology. …”

“…The Estonian fiscal position is much better than in many OECD countries, the country stands out for having a rather lean government sector and the authorities are striving for efficient use of existing resources. …”

“…These adjustments concern: methods of benefit payment (“net” or “gross” of tax); the varying extent with which governments use fiscal instruments rather than cash transfers to pursue social policy goals; and the different degree to which government requires other economic agents to provide social expenditures. …”

“…This paper looks at ways of ensuring Czech regions and municipalities are fully motivated to make efficiency improvements in public service provision and so help achieve countrywide fiscal sustainability. The very large number of small municipalities in the Czech Republic means that scale economies are difficult to exploit and the policy options for overcoming this problem are discussed. …”