“…This Special Issue hosts a collection of original research articles, focusing on the following topics: (1) The germinative and post-germinative behavior of Brassica napus seeds when severe S limitation is applied to the parent plants; (2) the independence of S-deficiency from the mRNA degradation initiation enzyme PARN in Arabidopsis; (3) the glucosinolate distribution in the aerial parts of sel1-10, a disruption mutant of the sulfate transporter SULTR1;2, in mature Arabidopsis thaliana plants; (4) the accumulation of S-methylcysteine as its γ-glutamyl dipeptide in Phaseolus vulgaris; and (5) the role of ferric iron chelation-strategy components in the leaves and roots of maize, have provided new insights into the effect of S availability on plant functionality. …”

“…., bioethanol, wine and beer, and enzyme production. Additionally, the new field of yeast nanobiotechnology is introduced and reviewed…”

“…Part Two deals with the production and separation of biofuels and addresses computer-aided design, enzyme-catalyzed biodiesel production, process analysis of biodiesel production (including kinetic modeling and simulation) and the use of ultrasonification in biodiesel production, as well as thermochemical processes for biofuel transformation and production of alternative biofuels. …”

“…At the same time, genetic research is increasing dramatically (e.g. enzyme mutations). The primary aim of this book is to demonstrate how such research can be used in both fields. …”

“…Characterization includes the determination of enzyme systems or other biological mechanisms that produce each identified metabolite; this information is used to predict potential drug-drug interactions with other compounds that increase or decrease metabolite formation and sources of biological variability in response or toxicity with varying patient genetics, which affect CYP isoform expression. …”

“…Ascorbic acid is a small, simple, water soluble molecule, synthesised by most plants and animals, with the exception of humans and some animal species due to mutations in the gene encoding the terminal enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway. For humans, it is thus a vitamin (vitamin C) that must be obtained from the diet, with complete deficiency resulting in the fatal disease scurvy. …”

“…From a green point of view, many extraction techniques have been employed as potential candidates to replace conventional methods, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), pulsed electric field extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction. In this Special Issue, we focus our attention on the chemical characterization of plant extracts and their bioactive composition, focusing also on in-vitro cell assays and molecular tools. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…6.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- 6.3 MECHANISMS OF ACTION -- 6.4 PEF TREATMENT SYSTEM -- 6.5 MAIN PROCESSING PARAMETERS -- 6.6 APPLICATIONS -- 6.7 CONCLUSIONS -- NOMENCLATURE -- References -- Chapter 7 - Pulsed Electric Field Processing of Liquid Foods and Beverages -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 PEF TECHNOLOGY -- 7.3 MECHANISMS OF MICROBIAL INACTIVATION -- 7.4 EQUIPMENT -- 7.5 PEF TREATMENT VARIABLES -- 7.6 TARGET DIFFERENCES -- 7.7 PEF-BASED NONTHERMAL HURDLE STRATEGIES -- 7.8 SPECIFIC RESULTS ON LIQUID FOODS -- 7.9 PROCESS MODELS -- 7.10 CONCLUSIONS -- NOMENCLATURE -- References -- Chapter 8 - Effect of High-Intensity Electric Field Pulses on Solid Foods -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 PRINCIPLE AND ANALYSIS OF CELL DISINTEGRATION BY PEF -- 8.3 EFFECTS ON SOLID FOODS -- 8.4 EQUIPMENT AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS -- 8.5 CONCLUSIONS -- References -- Chapter 9 - Enzymatic Inactivation by Pulsed Electric Fields -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 MECHANISM OF ENZYME INACTIVATION BY PEF -- 9.3 FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME INACTIVATION BY PEF -- 9.4 EFFECTS OF PEF ON SPECIFIC ENZYMES -- 9.5 MODELING ENZYMATIC INACTIVATION BY PEF -- 9.6 ENZYME INACTIVATION BY COMBINING PEF WITH OTHER HURDLES -- 9.7 ENZYME ACTIVITY DURING STORAGE OF PEF PROCESSED FOODS -- 9.8 CONCLUSIONS -- NOMENCLATURE -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 - Food Safety Aspects of Pulsed Electric Fields -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF PEF -- 10.3 CHEMICAL SAFETY AND PEFS -- 10.4 CONCLUSIONS -- NOMENCLATURE -- Acknowledgments -- References -- SECTION III - OTHER NONTHERMAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES -- Chapter 11 - Recent Developments in Osmotic Dehydration -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 MECHANISM OF OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION -- 11.3 EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON MASS TRANSFER AND STRUCTURE -- 11.4 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE AND SOLID DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…The Skin -- Organs -- CHAPTER SUMMARY -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- Chapter 4: Energy and Cellular Metabolism -- RUNNING PROBLEM Tay‐Sachs Disease: A Deadly Inheritance -- Energy in Biological Systems -- Energy Is Used to Perform Work -- Energy Comes in Two Forms: Kinetic and Potential -- Energy Can Be Converted from One Form to Another -- Thermodynamics Is the Study of Energy Use -- Chemical Reactions -- Energy Is Transferred between Molecules during Reactions -- Activation Energy Gets Reactions Started -- Energy Is Trapped or Released during Reactions -- Net Free Energy Change Determines Reaction Reversibility -- Enzymes -- Enzymes Are Proteins -- Reaction Rates Are Variable -- Enzymes May Be Activated, Inactivated, or Modulated -- Enzymes Lower Activation Energy of Reactions -- Enzymatic Reactions Can Be Categorized -- Metabolism -- Cells Regulate Their Metabolic Pathways -- Catabolic Pathways Produce ATP -- One Glucose Molecule Can Yield 30-32 ATP -- Anaerobic Metabolism Makes Two ATP -- Proteins Are the Key to Cell Function -- DNA Guides the Synthesis of RNA -- Alternative Splicing Creates Multiple Proteins from One DNA Sequence -- mRNA Translation Links Amino Acids -- Emerging Concepts Purple Petunias and RNAi -- Protein Sorting Directs Proteins to Their Destination -- Proteins Undergo Posttranslational Modification -- CHAPTER SUMMARY -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- Chapter 5: Membrane Dynamics -- RUNNING PROBLEM Cystic Fibrosis -- Homeostasis Does Not Mean Equilibrium -- Osmosis and Tonicity -- The Body Is Mostly Water -- The Body Is in Osmotic Equilibrium -- Osmolarity Describes the Number of Particles in Solution -- Tonicity Describes the Volume Change of a Cell -- Transport Processes -- Cell Membranes Are Selectively Permeable -- Diffusion…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Perspective -- Other -- The long journey toward improving children's health: from 'Korean Journal of Pediatrics' to 'Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics' -- Man Yong Han, Yeong Ho Rha, Chong-Woo Bae, Baik-Lin Eun, Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics Editorial Team -- Review Article -- Pulmonology -- High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in children: a clinical review -- Ji-Won Kwon -- Systematic review and meta-analysis -- Psychiatric/Psychology -- Association between neonatal jaundice and autism spectrum disorders among children: a meta-analysis -- Ensiyeh Jenabi, Saeid Bashirian, Salman Khazaei -- Editorials -- Genetics and Metabolism -- Considerations for evaluating the effectiveness and long-term outcome of enzyme replacement therapy in Pompe disease -- Chong Kun Cheon -- Neonatology (Perinatology) -- Prevention and management of pain in the neonatal intensive care unit -- Sung Shin Kim -- Allergy -- Hereditary angioedema in childhood -- Young Min Ahn -- Original Articles -- Critical Care Medicine -- Comparative validity of microalbuminuria versus clinical mortality scores to predict pediatric intensive care unit outcomes -- Shifa Nismath, Suchetha S. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Nirala, Sadhana S Sagar, and Vinod Kumar -- Catalytically active enzyme mimetic nanomaterials and their role in biosensing / Narsingh R. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…About the Editors -- Special Issue: Genetics of Prader-Willi Syndrome -- Single-Case Study of Appetite Control in Prader-Willi Syndrome, Over 12-Years by the Indian Extract Caralluma fimbriata -- Venous Thromboembolism in Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Questionnaire Survey -- The Global Prader-Willi Syndrome Registry: Development, Launch, and Early Demographics -- Early Diagnosis in Prader-Willi Syndrome Reduces Obesity and Associated Co-Morbidities -- Defining Mental and Behavioural Disorders in Genetically Determined Neurodevelopmental Syndromes with Particular Reference to Prader-Willi Syndrome -- Age Distribution, Comorbidities and Risk Factors for Thrombosis in Prader-Willi Syndrome -- Prader-Willi-Like Phenotype Caused by an Atypical 15q11.2 Microdeletion -- Food and Non-Food-Related Behavior across Settings in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome -- Clinical Observations and Treatment Approaches for Scoliosis in Prader-Willi Syndrome -- The Potential Role of Activating the ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel in the Treatment of Hyperphagic Obesity -- Growth Trajectories in Genetic Subtypes of Prader-Willi Syndrome -- The Gut Microbiota Profile in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome -- A 24-Week Physical Activity Intervention Increases Bone Mineral Content without Changes in Bone Markers in Youth with PWS -- Genetic Subtype-Phenotype Analysis of Growth Hormone Treatment on Psychiatric Behavior in Prader-Willi Syndrome -- Pharmacogenetic Testing of Cytochrome P450 Drug Metabolizing Enzymes in a Case Series of Patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Synthesis: Competition, natural selection and necrosis Necrosis and the evolutionary dynamics of metastatic disease Conclusion Exercises -- Models of Chemotherapy Dose-response curves in chemotherapy Models for in vitro drug uptake and cytotoxicity Pharmacokinetics The Norton-Simon hypothesis and the Gompertz model Modeling the development of drug resistance Heterogeneous populations: the cell cycle Drug transport and the spatial tumor environment Exercises -- Major Anti-Cancer Chemotherapies Introduction Alkylating and alkalating-like agents Anti-tumor antibiotics Anti-metabolites Mitotic inhibitors Non-cytotoxic and targeted therapies -- Radiation Therapy Introduction Molecular mechanisms Classical target-hit theory Lethal DNA misrepair Saturable and enzymatic repair Kinetics of damage repair The LQ model and dose fractionation Applications -- Chemical Kinetics Introduction and the law of mass action Enzyme kinetics Quasi-steady-state approximation Enzyme inhibition Hemoglobin and the Hill equation MonodWymanChangeux model. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…5.16.4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 5.17 Electrophoresis of Proteins -- 5.18 Nitrogenous Constituent of Urine -- 5.18.1 Composition of Urine -- 5.18.2 Urea -- 5.18.3 Ammonia -- 5.18.4 Uric Acid and Other Purines -- 5.18.5 Creatinine and Creatine -- 5.18.6 Amino Acids -- 5.18.7 Hippuric Acid -- 5.18.8 Allantoin -- 5.18.9 Proteins -- 5.18.10 Ketone Bodies -- 5.19 Urea Cycle -- 5.20 Porphyrins, Hemes, Haemoglobin, Blood and Plasma Proteins, and Chlorophylls -- 5.20.1 Porphyrins -- 5.20.2 Haemoglobin -- 5.20.3 Blood and Plasma Proteins -- 5.20.4 Chlorophylls -- 5.21 Enzymes and Co-enzymes -- 5.21.1 Enzymes and Their Nature -- 5.21.2 Classification and Nomenclature -- 5.21.3 Factors Affecting Enzyme Catalysis -- 5.21.4 The Effects of Enzyme Inhibitors -- 5.21.5 Theories (Mechanism) of Enzyme Catalysis (Action) -- 5.21.6 Cofactors and Coenzymes -- 5.21.7 Isoenzymes -- Exercises -- Multiple Choice Questions -- Chapter 6: Vitamins -- 6.1 Introduction to Vitamins -- 6.1.1 History of Vitamins -- 6.1.2 Classification of Vitamins -- 6.1.3 List of Vitamins -- 6.2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins -- 6.2.1 Vitamin A -- 6.2.2 Vitamin D -- 6.2.3 Vitamin E -- 6.2.4 Vitamin K -- 6.3 Water-Soluble Vitamins -- 6.3.1 Thiamine (Vitamin B1) -- 6.3.2 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2 or Vitamin G) -- 6.3.3 Niacin (Vitamin B3 or Vitamin Pp) -- 6.3.4 Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) -- 6.3.5 Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) -- 6.3.6 Biotin (Vitamin B7 or Vitamin H) -- 6.3.7 Folic Acid (Vitamin B9 or Vitamin M) -- 6.3.8 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) -- 6.3.9 Vitamin C or L-ascorbic Acid -- 6.4 Minerals -- 6.4.1 Source and Functions of Macro Minerals -- 6.4.2 Source and Functions of Micro Minerals -- 6.4.3 Macro Minerals -- 6.4.4 Micronutrient or Trace Minerals -- Exercises -- Multiple Choice Questions -- Chapter 7: Immunochemistry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Types of Immunity…”

“…Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) is an ancestral enzyme that, initially confined to the regulation of tryptophan availability in local tissue microenvironments, is now considered to play a wider role that extends to homeostasis and plasticity of the immune system. …”

“…The activity of the luciferase enzyme is measured in a luminometer. A test chemical is considered to be positive if the maximum response induced is equal to or exceeds 10% of the response of the positive control (1 nM 17alpha-estradiol) in at least two of two or two of three runs. …”

“…The first section consists of six chapters with a variety of topics like activation energy and complexity of chemical reactions; the measurement of reaction routes; mathematical modeling analysis and simulation of enzyme kinetics; mechanisms of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion for the fuels; photophysical processes and photochemical changes; the mechanism of hydroxyl radical, hydrate electron, and hydrogen atom; and acceptorless alcohol dehydrogenation. …”

“…Sebelipase alfa (Kanuma) is a recombinant form of the human lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) enzyme, and is indicated for the treatment of infants, pediatric, and adult patients diagnosed with LAL deficiency. …”

“…At the submitted price, migalastat at $1,700 per capsule is $310,250 annually per patient, which is similar to the publicly available prices of IV enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). The indication for migalastat differs with the indication for ERTs, given the requirement for an amenable mutation for migalastat…”

“…Popular testing tools for React/Redux applications, including Enzyme, SinonJS, Expect, Nock and Mountebank, are highlighted. …”