“…Technology is bringing disruptive change at an ever-increasing pace, creating fear and uncertainty that leaves buyers clinging to the status quo. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…5.2.3 Algorithm A*5.3 Realizing the Movement; 5.4 Summary; Exercises; 6 Decision-making; 6.1 Background; 6.1.1 Levels of decision-making; 6.1.2 Modelled knowledge; 6.1.3 Methods; 6.2 Finite State Machines; 6.2.1 Computational FSM; 6.2.2 Mealy and Moore machines; 6.2.3 Implementation; 6.2.4 Discussion; 6.3 Flocking; 6.4 Influence Maps; 6.5 Summary; Exercises; 7 Modelling Uncertainty; 7.1 Statistical Reasoning; 7.1.1 Bayes' theorem; 7.1.2 Bayesian networks; 7.1.3 Dempster-Shafer theory; 7.2 Fuzzy Sets; 7.2.1 Membership function; 7.2.2 Fuzzy operations; 7.3 Fuzzy Constraint Satisfaction Problem…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Reinforcement learning in robotics -- Evolution of reinforcement learning -- Challenges in robot reinforcement learning -- High dimensionality problem -- Real-world challenges -- Issues due to model uncertainty -- What's the final objective a robot wants to achieve? …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…9.4.2 San Juan Simulation Results -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Visualizing Urban Social-Ecological-Technological Systems -- 10.1 The USL Dataviz Platform -- 10.2 Representation of Space -- 10.3 Visualization Concepts -- 10.4 Application Stack -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Anticipatory Resilience Bringing Back the Future into Urban Planning and Knowledge Systems -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Challenge of Deep Climate Uncertainty -- 11.3 Limits of Risk-Based Knowledge Systems -- 11.4 Toward More Anticipatory Resilience -- 11.4.1 Portfolio of Future-Based Knowledge Systems -- 11.5 Examples of Knowledge Systems Interventions to Build Anticipatory Resilience -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 A Vision for Resilient Urban Futures -- 12.1 Bringing Positive Futures into Research and Practice -- 12.2 Thinking in Systems -- 12.3 Future-Making as Privilege -- 12.4 Developing an Urban Systems Science and Urban Systems Practice -- 12.5 Positive Visioning for Resilience and Transformation -- References -- Correction to: Modeling Urban Futures: Data-Driven Scenarios of Climate Change and Vulnerability in Cities -- Correction to: Chapter 9 in: Z. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Broad definitions and open timelines leave some uncertainty for investors -- Screening mechanisms in other countries of the Nordic-Baltic region -- New legislation introduced screening of real estate acquisitions -- Foreign branches' permits represent an additional administrative step for non-EEA investors -- Relatively long processing time to start a business in Finland, despite few administrative steps -- Minimum capital requirement only for public limited liability companies -- 2.2.2. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Quality -- Cost -- Time -- Resources -- Risk -- Envisioning the Scope Triangle as a System in Balance -- Prioritizing the Scope Triangle Variables for Improved Change Management -- Applying the Scope Triangle -- Problem Resolution -- Scope Change Impact Analysis -- The Importance of Classifying Projects -- Establishing a Rule for Classifying Projects -- Classification by Project Characteristics -- Classification by Project Application -- The Contemporary Project Environment -- High Speed -- High Change -- Lower Cost -- Increasing Levels of Complexity -- More Uncertainty -- Discussion Questions -- Chapter 2 What Is Project Management? …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Raw-to-dBASE III Format -- dBASE III-to-Lotus 1-2-3 Transfer -- Data Description and Sources -- Chemical Identification Data -- Chemical Tolerance Data -- Food Consumption Data -- Pesticide Residue Data -- Toxicological Data -- Regulatory Status Data -- Food Processing Data -- Chemical Use And Cost Data -- Pesticide-Commodity Codes -- Analytical Methods -- Risk Calculation -- Chemical Residues -- Consumption Estimates -- Estimate of Chemical Intake -- Potency Factor or Q -- Risk Estimates -- Percentage of Acres Treated -- Scenario Analyses -- Uncertainty in Oncogenic Risk Estimates -- Residue Estimates -- Food Consumption Estimates -- Acreage Treated -- Toxicological Certainty -- Conclusion-Worst-Case Scenario -- Notes -- C Case Studies of the EPA's Application of the Delaney Clause in the Tolerance-Setting Process -- Fosetyl AL -- Description of the Chemical -- Regulatory Status -- Special Review Criteria Triggered -- Summary of Oncogenic Findings and Risk Estimation -- Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues -- Benomyl -- Description of the Chemical -- Regulatory Status -- Special Review Criteria Triggered -- Summary of Oncogenic Findings and Risk Estimation -- Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues -- Pest Resistance -- Alternatives -- Captan -- Description of the Chemical -- Regulatory Status -- Special Review Criteria Triggered -- Summary, of Oncogenic Findings -- Estimate of Dietary Oncogenic Risk -- Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues -- Other Chronic Health Risks -- Chlorobenzilate -- Description of the Chemical -- Regulatory Status -- Special Review Criteria Triggered -- Summary of Oncogenic Findings and Risk Estimation -- Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues -- Benefits and Alternatives -- Dicamba -- Description of the Chemical -- Regulatory Status -- Special Review Criteria Triggered -- Oncogenic Contaminants and the Delaney Clause -- Discussion…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…-- 1.4 The Relationships among Organizational Strategy, Program Management, Portfolio Management, and Operations Management -- 1.5 Organizational Business Value -- 1.6 Role of the Program Manager -- 1.6.1 Program Manager Competencies -- 1.7 Role of the Program Sponsor -- 1.8 Role of the Program Management Office -- 1.9 Program and Project Distinctions -- 1.9.1 Uncertainty -- 1.9.2 Managing Change -- 1.9.3 Complexity -- 1.10 Portfolio and Program Distinctions -- 2. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Principles of communication -- Setting expectations -- Assuming the best -- Saying no with care -- Having an audience perspective -- Maintaining authenticity -- Giving feedback with radical candor -- How to structure your communication -- Format -- Duration -- Depth -- Urgency -- Communicating with your engineering team -- One-on-one meetings -- Group communications -- Personal commitments -- Communicating with your leadership team -- Telling a story -- Conveying broader value -- Reducing uncertainty -- Summary -- Futher reading -- Chapter 9: Assessing and Improving Team Performance -- The classic stages of a team -- Assessing engineering teams -- Common pitfalls of assessing teams -- Quantitative and qualitative measures -- What is your success definition? …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Sample Calculations 96 -6.1 General Facility Estimates 96 -6.2 Release Assessments 99  -6.3 Occupational Exposure Assessments 107 7. Data Gaps / Uncertainties and Future Work 115 8 References 118 Appendix A. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Occupational Exposure Assessments for the Formulatio of Radiation Curable Products 65 -5.1 Personal Protective Equipment 67 -5.2 Number of Workers Exposed Per Site 67 -5.3 Exposure from Unloading Solid or Liquid Chemicals (Exposure A) 69 -5.4 Exposure to Solids or Liquids During Container Cleaning (Exposure B)  73 -5.5 Exposure from Sampling Liquid Radiation Curable Product (Exposure C) 77 -5.6 Exposure to Liquids During the Equipment Cleaning of Mixers and Other Process Equipment (Exposure D)  79 -5.7 Exposure from Changing Spent Filter Media (Exposure E) 81 -5.8 Exposure from Packaging Radiation Curable Product (Exposure F) 83 6 Sample Calculations 86 -6.1 General Facility Estimates for the Formulation of Radiation Curable Products 86 -6.2 Release Assessments for the Formulation of Radiation Curable Products 90 -6.3 Occupational Exposure Assessments for the Formulation of Radiation Curable Products 98 7. Data Gaps / Uncertainties and Future Work 108 8. References 110 Appendix A. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…1 - Second General Artificial Intelligence Workshop (GAIW 2007) -- Towards Tractable Local Closed World Reasoning for the Semantic Web -- Optimal Brain Surgeon for General Dynamic Neural Networks -- Answer-Set Programming Based Dynamic User Modelling for Recommender Systems -- Application of Logic Wrappers to Hierarchical Data Extraction from HTML -- Relaxing Feature Selection in Spam Filtering by Using Case-Based Reasoning Systems -- Gödel and Computability -- Prospective Logic Agents -- An Iterative Process for Building Learning Curves and Predicting Relative Performance of Classifiers -- Modelling Morality with Prospective Logic -- Change Detection in Learning Histograms from Data Streams -- Real-Time Intelligent Decision Support System for Bridges Structures Behavior Prediction -- Semi-fuzzy Splitting in Online Divisive-Agglomerative Clustering -- On the Use of Rough Sets for User Authentication Via Keystroke Dynamics -- The Halt Condition in Genetic Programming -- Two Puzzles Concerning Measures of Uncertainty and the Positive Boolean Connectives -- 2 - First Workshop on AI Applications for Sustainable Transportation Systems (AIASTS 2007) -- Nonlinear Models for Determining Mode Choice -- Adaptation in Games with Many Co-evolving Agents -- 3 - Third Workshop on Artificial Life and Evolutionary Algorithms (ALEA 2007) -- Symmetry at the Genotypic Level and the Simple Inversion Operator -- A Genetic Programming Approach to the Generation of Hyper-Heuristics for the Incapacitated Examination Timetabling Problem -- Asynchronous Stochastic Dynamics and the Spatial Prisoner’s Dilemma Game -- Improving Evolutionary Algorithms with Scouting -- Stochastic Barycenters and Beta Distribution for Gaussian Particle Swarms -- Exploiting Second Order Information in Computational Multi-objective Evolutionary Optimization -- 4 - First Workshop on Ambient Intelligence Technologies and Applications (AMITA 2007) -- Ambient Intelligence – A State of the Art from Artificial Intelligence Perspective -- Ubiquitous Ambient Intelligence in a Flight Decision Assistance System -- Argumentation-Based Decision Making in Ambient Intelligence Environments -- Intelligent Mixed Reality for the Creation of Ambient Assisted Living -- Medical Imaging Environment – A Multi-Agent System for a Computer Clustering Based Multi-display -- 5 - Second Workshop on Building and Applying Ontologies for the Semantic Web (BAOSW 2007) -- Partial and Dynamic Ontology Mapping Model in Dialogs of Agents -- Using Ontologies for Software Development Knowledge Reuse -- 6 - First Workshop on Business Intelligence (BI 2007) -- Analysis of the Day-of-the-Week Anomaly for the Case of Emerging Stock Market -- A Metamorphosis Algorithm for the Optimization of a Multi-node OLAP System -- Experiments for the Number of Clusters in K-Means -- A Network Algorithm to Discover Sequential Patterns -- Adaptive Decision Support for Intensive Care -- A Tool for Interactive Subgroup Discovery Using Distribution Rules -- Quantitative Evaluation of Clustering’s for Marketing Applications: A Web Portal Case Study -- Resource-Bounded Fraud Detection -- 7 - First Workshop on Computational Methods in Bioinformatics and Systems Biology (CMBSB 2007) -- System Stability Via Stepping Optimal Control: Theory and Applications -- Evaluating Simulated Annealing Algorithms in the Optimization of Bacterial Strains -- Feature Extraction from Tumor Gene Expression Profiles Using DCT and DFT -- 8 - Second Workshop on Intelligent Robotics (IROBOT 2007) -- An Omnidirectional Vision System for Soccer Robots -- Generalization and Transfer Learning in Noise-Affected Robot Navigation Tasks -- Heuristic Q-Learning Soccer Players: A New Reinforcement Learning Approach to RoboCup Simulation -- Human Robot Interaction Based on Bayesian Analysis of Human Movements -- Understanding Dynamic Agent’s Reasoning -- 9 - Fourth Workshop on Multi-agent Systems: Theory and Applications (MASTA 2007) -- Convergence of Independent Adaptive Learners -- Multi-agent Learning: How to Interact to Improve Collective Results -- A Basis for an Exchange Value-Based Operational Notion of Morality for Multiagent Systems -- Intelligent Farmer Agent for Multi-agent Ecological Simulations Optimization -- Tax Compliance Through MABS: The Case of Indirect Taxes -- 10 - First Workshop on Search Techniques for Constraint Satisfaction (STCS 2007) -- Efficient and Tight Upper Bounds for Haplotype Inference by Pure Parsimony Using Delayed Haplotype Selection -- GRASPER -- 11 - Second Workshop on Text Mining and Applications (TEMA 2007) -- Text Segmentation Using Context Overlap -- Automatic Extraction of Definitions in Portuguese: A Rule-Based Approach -- N-Grams and Morphological Normalization in Text Classification: A Comparison on a Croatian-English Parallel Corpus -- Detection of Strange and Wrong Automatic Part-of-Speech Tagging -- New Techniques for Relevant Word Ranking and Extraction…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…A cognitively diverse team -- Scenario planning -- Reflection activity -- Chapter 9 Keep your team informed and communicating -- The rose-coloured ballistic goggles from overly optimistic training -- The dangers of keeping secrets -- The magic black box -- Background of the jammers -- Withholding information damages your team -- How language is part of culture -- The language of bombs -- Cliques and elites -- Reflection activity -- Chapter 10 Stay ahead of the competition -- New technology on the battlefield -- Powerful explosives matched with commercial, off-the-shelf technology -- Coalition military response -- The key to agility is often simplicity -- Not the end of it -- Reflection activity -- Chapter 11 Promote a resilient team -- Building a succession culture -- The importance of stable leadership -- A true succession culture -- A long-term resilient team -- Acting as trained, but processing personally -- Supporting your team following trauma -- Reflection activity -- Chapter 12 Stress test your plan -- Military planning -- Lessons for business leaders -- Reflection activity -- Chapter 13 Expect the unexpected -- Process and performance -- Train your team for the unexpected -- Reflection activity -- Pillar III The BPO Method -- Chapter 14 Understand and prepare for uncertainty -- Preparing your organisation to respond in the face of adversity -- The OODA Loop: what a fighter pilot can teach us about decision-making -- Decision-making -- Cut through the emotion -- When to call a crisis meeting -- Reflection activity -- Chapter 15 Battle preparation -- Time management -- Your command team: have you got the right people in the room? …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Genotoxic Effects Induced by Arsenic Compounds -- Mutational Spectrum -- Comutagenicity -- DNA Methylation -- Oxidative Stress -- Cell Proliferation -- Arsenic-Induced Carcinogenicity and the Shape of Dose-Response Curve-A Mode-of-Action Approach -- NONCANCER EFFECTS -- Inhibitory Effects on Cellular Respiration -- Alterations in the Heme and Porphyrin Biosynthetic Pathways -- Alterations in Cellular Gene Expression-Stress Protein Induction -- Arsenic Toxicity and Metallothionein -- Arsine Gas Toxicity -- Interactions Between Arsenic and Other Common Toxic Metals -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 8 Variation in Human Sensitivity -- VARIATION IN ARSENIC METABOLISM -- Methodological Aspects -- Genetic Polymorphism -- Age, Sex, and Recreational Habits -- Effect of Dose -- Interindividual Variation -- NUTRITIONAL STATUS -- Methyl Group Donors -- Selenium -- Zinc -- Nutritional Status of Populations in Taiwan -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Essentiality and Therapeutic Uses -- DEFINITION OF ESSENTIALITY -- EVIDENCE FOR ESSENTIALITY -- Physiological Importance -- Essentiality in Humans -- Goats and Minipigs -- Rats -- Chicks -- Data Consistency and Reproducibility -- Biochemical Mechanism of Action -- Dose Aspects -- THERAPEUTIC USES OF ARSENIC -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 Statistical Issues -- A REVIEW OF DOSE-RESPONSE MODELING AND RISK ASSESSMENT -- THE EPA 1988 ANALYSIS -- Sources of Uncertainty in the EPA 1988 Analysis -- PROBLEMS WITH RISK ASSESSMENT BASED ON ECOLOGICAL DATA -- INTERNAL-CANCER DATA FROM TAIWAN -- OTHER ISSUES -- DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11 Risk Characterization -- REFERENCES -- Addendum to Chapter 9 Experimental Conditions for Nutritional Studies with Arsenic -- RATS AND CHICKS…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Machine generated contents note: List of Contributors Preface Part One The Contributions of Intelligent Techniques in Multicriteria Decision Aiding 1 Computational Intelligence Techniques for Multicriteria Decision Aiding: An Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The MCDA Paradigm 1.2.1 Modeling Process 1.2.2 Methodological Approaches 1.3 Computational Intelligence in MCDA 1.3.1 Statistical Learning and Data Mining 1.3.2 Fuzzy Modeling 1.3.3 Metaheuristics 1.4 Conclusions References 2 Intelligent Decision Support Systems 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Fundamentals of Human Decision Making 2.3 Decision Support System 2.4 Intelligent Decision Support Systems 2.4.1 Artificial Neural Networks for Intelligent Decision Support 2.4.2 Fuzzy Logic for Intelligent Decision Support 2.4.3 Expert Systems for Intelligent Decision Support 2.4.4 Evolutionary Computing for Intelligent Decision Support 2.4.5 Intelligent Agents for Intelligent Decision Support 2.5 Evaluating Intelligent Decision Support Systems 2.5.1 Determining Evaluation Criteria 2.5.2 Multi-Criteria Model for IDSS Assessment 2.6 Summary and Future Trends References Part Two Intelligent Technologies for Decision Support and Preference Modeling 3 Designing Distributed Multi-Criteria Decision Support Systems for Complex and Uncertain Situations 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Example Applications 3.3 Key Challenges 3.4 Making Trade-offs: Multi-criteria Decision Analysis 3.4.1 Multi-attribute Decision Support 3.4.2 Making Trade-offs Under Uncertainty 3.5 Exploring the Future: Scenario-based Reasoning 3.6 Making Robust Decisions: Combining MCDA and SBR 3.6.1 Decisions Under Uncertainty: The Concept of Robustness 3.6.2 Combining Scenarios and MCDA 3.6.3 Collecting, Sharing and Processing Information: A Distributed Approach 3.6.4 Keeping Track of Future Developments: Constructing Comparable Scenarios 3.6.5 Respecting Constraints and Requirements: Scenario Management 3.6.6 Assisting Evaluation: Assessing Large Numbers of Scenarios 3.7 Discussion 3.8 Conclusion References 4 Preference Representation with Ontologies 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Structure of the Chapter 4.2 Ontology-based Preference Models 4.3 Maintaining the User's Profile up to Date 4.4 Decision Making Methods Exploiting the Preference Information Stored in Ontologies 4.4.1 Recommendation Based on Aggregation 4.4.2 Recommendation Based on Similarities 4.4.3 Recommendation Based on Rules 4.5 Discussion and Open Questions References Part Three Decision Models 5 Neural Networks in Multicriteria Decision Support 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Basic Concepts of Neural Networks 5.2.1 Neural Networks for Intelligent Decision Support 5.3 Basics in Multicriteria Decision Aid 5.3.1 MCDM Problems 5.3.2 Solutions of MCDM Problems 5.4 Neural Networks and Multicriteria Decision Support 5.4.1 Review of Neural Network Applications to MCDM Problems 5.4.2 Discussion 5.5 Summary and Conclusions References 6 Rule-Based Approach to Multicriteria Ranking 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Problem Setting 6.3 Pairwise Comparison Table (PCT) 6.4 Rough Approximation of Outranking and Non-outranking Relations 6.5 Induction and Application of Decision Rules 6.6 Exploitation of Preference Graphs 6.7 Illustrative Example 6.8 Summary and Conclusions References 7 About the Application of Evidence Theory in MultiCriteria Decision Aid 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Evidence Theory: Some Concepts 7.2.1 Knowledge Model 7.2.2 Combination 7.2.3 Decision Making 7.3 New Concepts in Evidence Theory for MCDA 7.3.1 First Belief Dominance 7.3.2 RBBD Concept 7.4 Multicriteria Methods modeled by Evidence Theory 7.4.1 Evidential Reasoning Approach 7.4.2 DS/AHP 7.4.3 DISSET 7.4.4 A Choice Model Inspired by ELECTRE I 7.4.5 A Ranking Model Inspired by Xu et al.'…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…-- 6.9 Identifying Use Cases -- 6.10 Use Case Flows of Events -- 6.10.1 Balancing Work Up‐Front with Speed -- 6.10.2 Use Case Flows and Scenarios -- 6.10.3 Writing Alternate Flows -- 6.10.4 Include and Extend with Use Cases -- 6.11 Examples of Use Cases -- 6.11.1 Example Use Case 1: Request Customer Service from Acme Library Support -- 6.11.2 Example Use Case 2: Ensure Network Stability -- 6.11.3 Example Use Case 3: Search for Boat in Inventory -- 6.12 Use Cases with Human Activity Systems -- 6.13 Use Cases as a Superpower -- References -- Chapter 7 Picturing Systems with Model Based Systems Engineering -- 7.1 How Humans Build Things -- 7.2 C: Context -- 7.2.1 Actors for the VX -- 7.2.2 Actors for the Home System -- 7.3 U: Usage -- 7.4 S: States and Modes -- 7.5 T: Timing -- 7.6 A: Architecture -- 7.7 R: Realization -- 7.8 D: Decomposition -- 7.9 Conclusion -- Chapter 8 A Time for Timeboxes and the Use of Usage Processes -- 8.1 Problems in Time Modeling: Concurrency, False Precision, and Uncertainty -- 8.1.1 Concurrency -- 8.1.2 False Precision -- 8.1.3 Uncertainty -- 8.2 Processes and Use Cases -- 8.3 Modeling: Two Paradigms -- 8.3.1 The Key Observation -- 8.3.2 Source of the Problem -- 8.4 Process and System Paradigms -- 8.5 A Closer Examination of Time -- 8.6 The Need for a New Approach -- 8.7 The Timebox -- 8.8 Timeboxes with Timelines -- 8.8.1 Thinking in Timeboxes -- 8.9 The Usage Process -- 8.10 Pilot Project Examples -- 8.10.1 Pilot Project: The Hunt for Red October -- 8.10.2 Pilot Project: FAA -- 8.10.3 Pilot Project: IBM Agile Process -- 8.11 Summary: A New Paradigm Modeling Approach -- 8.11.1 The Impact of New Paradigm Models -- 8.11.2 The Future of New Paradigm Models -- References…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Lending conditions for businesses have been eased since the crisis, and uncertainty has subsided…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Die in terrorem-Doktrin -- III. Uncertainty: die Unbestimmtheit letztwilliger Bedingungen -- a) Die Rechtslage im 19. und frühen 20. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…-- 4 Global Perspectives on Law and Governance of SLCPs -- 5 Case Studies on SLCP Mitigation -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Chapter 1 Scientific Overview on SLCPs: Characteristics, Impacts and Uncertainties -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Radiative Forcing and Surface Air Temperature -- 2.1 The Radiative Balance of the Earth System -- 2.2 Climate Feedbacks and Climate Response -- 3 Short- Lived Climate Pollutants -- 3.1 Carbon Dioxide -- 3.2 Ozone (O3) -- 3.3 Methane -- 3.4 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) -- 3.5 Aerosols and Black Carbon -- 3.5.1 Black Carbon and Albedo Effects -- 3.6 Present- Day and Historical Effects of SLCPs -- 3.6.1 Present- Day Health Effects Due to SLCFs -- 4 Climate Modelling of SLCFs -- 4.1 Structure of Climate Models -- 4.2 Simulating the SLCFs in Climate Models -- 4.3 Estimating Radiative Forcing from Climate Model Simulations -- 5 Future Effects of SLCFs -- 6 Uncertainties -- 7 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part 1 Global Perspectives on Law and Policy of SLCP s -- Chapter 2 A Conceptual History of SLCP s -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Theoretical Background -- 1.2 Methodology -- 2 Linking Climate Change and Air Pollution: 1990s-2000s -- 2.1 Early Discoveries: Black Carbon and the Asian Brown Cloud -- 2.2 Taking a Closer Look at Trace Gases: Methane and HFCs Re-examined -- 2.3 Reframing Climate Change for the 21st Century -- 3 The Concept's Arctic Origins: 2007-9 -- 3.1 AMAP's Contributions to the SLCP Debate -- 3.2 Wider Political Impact of Arctic Research…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…-- The Mole: A Chemist's "Dozen" -- Converting between Number of Moles and Number of Atoms -- Converting between Mass and Amount (Number of Moles) -- REVIEW -- Self-Assessment Quiz -- Key Learning Outcomes -- Key Terms -- Key Concepts -- Key Equations and Relationships -- EXERCISES -- Review Questions -- Problems by Topic -- Cumulative Problems -- Challenge Problems -- Conceptual Problems -- Answers to Conceptual Connections -- 3 The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom -- 3.1 Schrödinger's Cat -- 3.2 The Nature of Light -- The Wave Nature of Light -- The Electromagnetic Spectrum -- Interference and Diffraction -- The Particle Nature of Light -- 3.3 Atomic Spectroscopy and the Bohr Model -- Atomic Spectra -- The Bohr Model -- Atomic Spectroscopy and the Identification of Elements -- 3.4 The Wave Nature of Matter: The de Broglie Wavelength, the Uncertainty Principle, and Indeterminacy -- The de Broglie Wavelength -- The Uncertainty Principle -- Indeterminacy and Probability Distribution Maps -- 3.5 Quantum Mechanics and the Atom -- Solutions to the Schrödinger Equation for the Hydrogen Atom -- Atomic Spectroscopy Explained -- 3.6 The Shapes of Atomic Orbitals -- s Orbitals (l = 0) -- p Orbitals (l = 1) -- d Orbitals (l = 2) -- f Orbitals (l = 3) -- The Phase of Orbitals -- The Shape of Atoms -- REVIEW -- Self-Assessment Quiz -- Key Learning Outcomes -- Key Terms -- Key Concepts -- Key Equations and Relationships -- EXERCISES -- Review Questions -- Problems by Topic -- Cumulative Problems -- Challenge Problems -- Conceptual Problems -- Answers to Conceptual Connections -- 4 Periodic Properties of the Elements -- 4.1 Aluminum: Low-Density Atoms Result in Low-Density Metal…”