Tabla de Contenidos: “…. -- Social exclusion/social inclusion -- Safety for whom: few/all -- Technocratic /democratic tools -- Central-authoritarian/local-participative -- Reduction /extension of safety -- Criminal/integral policies -- Business/public utility -- Inequality/equality -- Auto-limitation/fruition -- Functionalism of penal system/minimum penal law -- Right to safety-safety of rights -- Fortress Europe/open Europe -- The regional Law and the definition of safety. -- The provincial projects on safety -- Conclusions -- Documents -- References…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Lost in diversity -- Trapped in the shadows -- Inside and out -- Diverse but not equal -- 6. (Dis)embodied intersectionality -- 'Othered' into humiliation -- Muslim women as paradox -- Confronting the intolerance of liberal democracies -- 7. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…The time that was taken from us: temporal experiences after the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine / Natalia Otrishchenko -- The emotional and behavioral consequences of the Russian invasion of Ukraine for the civilian population of Ukraine / Valentyna Pavlenko -- Population displacement and the Russian occupation of Crimea: "never again" becomes "again and again" / Greta Uehling -- No longer a citizen: dispossession in Eastern Ukraine / Oleksandra Tarkhanova -- Fragmented lives, fragmented histories in Odesa / Marina Sapritsky-Nahum -- Faith and war: grassroots Ukrainian Protestantism in the context of the Russian invasion / Tatiana Vagramenko -- Memes as antibodies: creativity and resilience in the face of Russia's war / Laada Bilaniuk -- "Russian warship, Go f*ck yourself": circulating social media discourses in the Russia-Ukraine war / Bridget Goodman -- Responses to dispossession: self-organization and the state / Emily Channell-Justice -- Women and gender equality in the Ukrainian Armed Forces / Tamara Martsenyuk -- Meeting the other: peacekeeping and religious actors in a time of war / Tetiana Kalenychenko…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…VIAGRA AND THE VIRTUAL / VIRILITY, VIAGRA, AND VIRTUE: RE-READING HUMANE VITAE IN AN AFRICAN LIGHT / ERECTING NEW GOALS FOR MEDICINE: VIAGRA AND MEDICALIZATION / DESIRE AND ITS MYSTERIES: ERECTILE STIMULATORS BETWEEN THIGHS AND SELVES / AMERICA AND VIAGRA OR HOW THE WHITE NEGRO BECAME A LITTLE WHITER: VIAGRA AS AN AFRO-DISIAC / DAVID HUME MEETS VIAGRA: THE MISUSE OF THE SCIENCE OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION / A SHORT NOTE ON VIAGRA AND THANATOS / COMPARATIVE MELIORATION AND PATHOLOGICAL PATHOGENIZATION IN VIAGRA MARKETING / ERECTUS INTERRUPTUS: ALL ERECTIONS ARE NOT EQUAL / WORKS CITED -- ABOUT THE AUTHORS -- INDEX -- VIBS…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Labour market institutions and gender equality; 13. Inequalities and the impact of labour market institutions on migrant workers; 14. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Protection of Minorities and Equal Treatment of Shareholders (I); VI. Capital Markets and Takeover Regulation; 17. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…7.3 Hardware Implementations of FFT 232 -- 7.4 Problems 237 -- References 238 -- 8 Multiple Input Multiple Output 239 -- 8.1 MIMO Antenna Design 239 -- 8.2 Space Time Coding 240 -- 8.3 Example of STTC Encoding and Decoding 254 -- 8.4 Spatial Multiplexing and MIMO Detection Algorithms 266 -- 8.5 Problems 276 -- References 277 -- 9 Channel Estimation and Equalization 279 -- 9.1 Channel Estimation 279 -- 9.2 Channel Estimation for MIMO / OFDM System 293 -- 9.3 Equalization 295 -- 9.4 Hardware Implementation of Channel Estimation and Equalizer for OFDM System 298 -- 9.5 Problems 298 -- References 299 -- 10 Synchronization 301 -- 10.1 Fundamental Synchronization Techniques for OFDM System 301 -- 10.2 Synchronization Errors 305 -- 10.3 Synchronization Techniques for OFDM System 310 -- 10.4 Hardware Implementation of OFDM Synchronization 319 -- 10.5 Problems 320 -- References 321 -- Part III Wireless Communications Systems Design 323 -- 11 Radio Planning 325 -- 11.1 Radio Planning and Link Budget Analysis 325 -- 11.2 Traffic Engineering 335 -- 11.3 Problems 345 -- References 347 -- 12 Wireless Communications Systems Design and Considerations 349 -- 12.1 Wireless Communications Systems Design Flow 349 -- 12.2 Wireless Communications Systems Design Considerations 353 -- 12.3 Hardware and Software Codesign 370 -- 12.4 Problems 377 -- References 378 -- 13 Wireless Communications Blocks Integration 379 -- 13.1 High Level View of Wireless Communications Systems 379 -- 13.2 4G Physical Layer Systems 383 -- 13.2.1 LTE 384 -- 13.2.2 WiMAX 394 -- 13.2.3 Comparison of LTE and WiMAX 400 -- 13.3 SoC Design for 4G Communication System 401 -- 13.3.1 Software Design for 4G Communication System 403 -- 13.3.2 Hardware Design for 4G Communication System 404 -- 13.4 Problems 409 -- References 410 -- Index 411.…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Machine generated contents note: Foreword ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Basic Fi-Wi System Architecture 10 1.3 Major Issues 12 1.4 Other Fiber Feeder Approaches 13 1.5 Book Outline 14 2 Important Fi-Wi Link Elements 17 2.1 RF-Optical Modulation 17 2.2 The Fiber Channel 29 2.3 Optical Receiver 36 2.4 Brief Review of Baseband-RF Modulation Techniques 40 2.5 The Wireless Channel 42 3 Power Link Budget and Cumulating SNR 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 System Description 50 3.3 Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) 51 3.4 Cumulative Signal to Noise Ratio (cSNR) 57 3.5 RAP Design Considerations 58 3.6 Summary 62 4 An Improved Expression for Relative Intensity Noise 63 4.1 Basics 63 4.2 The Fundamental Noise Processes in Radio over Fiber Links 64 4.3 The Signal to Noise Ratio 69 4.4 Numerical Evaluation and Discussion 71 4.5 Summary 72 5 Subcarrier Multiplexed ROF Downlink 75 5.1 Introduction 75 5.2 Background 75 5.3 The ROF Downlink Channel 77 5.4 The Wireless Downlink Channel 91 5.5 Numerical Evaluation and Discussion 92 6 Subcarrier Multiplexed ROF Uplink 97 6.1 The Wireless Uplink Channel 97 6.2 The ROF Uplink Channel 99 6.3 Signals to Distortion, Interference and Noise Ratios 111 6.4 Numerical Evaluations and Discussion 113 6.5 Summary 115 7 Externally Modulated ROF Links 121 7.1 Mach-Zehnder Modulator 121 7.2 Electro-Absorption Modulator (EAM) 125 7.3 Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (RSOA) 128 7.4 Optimization of the MZI Bias Voltage 128 7.5 Subcarrier Multiplexed Signals in MZI 135 8 DSP Modeling of the ROF Link Nonlinearity 141 8.1 Introduction 141 8.2 Various Attempts to Reduce NLD 142 8.3 DSP Approaches 144 8.4 Basics of DSP for Nonlinear Systems 146 8.5 Baseband Representation of a Passband Complex Nonlinear System 148 8.6 Nonlinear Modeling of Fi-Wi Link 149 9 Adaptive Compensation for the ROF Link Nonlinearity 151 9.1 Adaptive Modeling of the ROF Link 151 9.2 Asymmetric Compensation 159 9.3 Summary 169 10 Joint Estimation of the Fiber Wireless Channel 171 10.1 The Wiener and Hammerstein System Model for Fi-Wi Links 171 10.2 Fiber-Wireless Channel Estimation 172 10.3 Case Study 180 10.4 Summary 182 11 Joint Equalization for the Fiber Wireless Channel 185 11.1 Equalization of the Wireless Channel 185 11.2 Optimization of Polynomial Filter Parameters 189 11.3 Optimization of Linear Filter Parameters 191 11.4 Summary 196 12 Performance Evaluation of the Hammerstein type DFE 197 12.1 Evaluation of the Polynomial Filter 197 12.2 Evaluation of Linear Filters 203 12.3 Case Study 204 12.4 Summary 212 13 Multiuser CDMA Fi-Wi Systems 213 13.1 Multiuser Fi-Wi Uplink Model 213 13.2 Correlation Relationships 215 13.3 ROF Channel Estimation 220 13.4 Case Study 221 13.5 Fiber-Wireless Uplink Equalization 224 13.6 Equalization: Simulation Results and Discussion 225 13.7 Summary 227 14 Fi-Wi for 4G, 5G and OFDM Wireless Networks 229 14.1 Brief History of Cellular Communication Systems 230 14.2 Wireless Access Schemes 232 14.3 Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction Techniques 235 14.4 OFDM ROF System Improvement 237 14.5 Combinations of OFDMA and CDMA 241 14.6 Summary 242 References 243 References 248 List of Abbreviations 249 …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Design Problem 6.1: Digital Micromirror Device-Based All-Digital-Mode Laser-Beam-Profiler -- Design Problem 6.2: Input-Power Fluctuations Insensitive DMD-Based Profiler -- Design Problem 6.3: DMD-Based Profiler Non-Gaussian Laser-Beam Profiling -- Design Problem 6.4: DMD-Based Profiler Incoherent-Light 2D Imaging -- Design Problem 6.5: DMD-Based Profiler Incoherent-Light 3D Imaging -- Design Problem 6.6: M[sup(2)] Measurement Method to Characterize Non-Gaussian Beams -- Design Problem 6.7: High-Dynamic-Range Broadband Fiber-Optic Variable -- Design Problem 6.8: High-Dynamic-Range Broadband Fiber-Optic VOA with Graceful Beam Control -- Design Problem 6.9: Fault-Tolerant 100-Percent-Reliable Broadband Fiber-Optic VOA -- Design Problem 6.10: Fault-Tolerant High-Dynamic-Range Fiber-Optic VOA -- Design Problem 6.11: Fault-Tolerant Fiber-Optic Multiwavelength Equalizer -- Design Problem 6.12: Continuous-Spectrum DMD-Based Equalizer -- Design Problem 6.13: Digital Micromirror Device-Based Multi-Wavelength Add-Drop Routing Module -- Design Problem 6.14: Array of One-by-Two Fiber-Optic Switches and VOAs -- Design Problem 6.15: Long Time Delay and High- Resolution Photonic-Delay Line -- Design Problem 6.16: Switchless Long Time Delay and High-Resolution Photonic-Delay Line -- Design Problem 6.17: All-Optical Coder/Decoder Using Wavelengths and DMD -- Design Problem 6.18: Large-Scale Low-Loss Fiber-Optic Switch (Cross-Connect) -- Problems -- Additional Reading -- 7 Photonic Systems Using Acousto-Optic Devices -- Design Problem 7.1: High-Stability AO Interferometer for Test and Measurement -- Design Problem 7.2: High-Stability 1D Spatial-Scanning AO Interferometer -- Design Problem 7.3: Frequency-Coded RF Phased-Array Antenna Beam Steering -- Design Problem 7.4: Full Calibration RF Phased-Array Antenna Beam Steering…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…The square of the longest side is equal to the squares of the other two sides added together…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Chapter 15. All Animals Are Equal but Some Animals Are More Equal than Others: Social Identity and Marginal MembershipChapter 16. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Intro -- Foreword -- Executive summary -- Costa Rica recovered well but growth prospects are worsening -- The fiscal outlook improved but remains challenging -- Spreading the benefits of integration in international trade -- Improving education and equality of opportunities -- 1 Key Policy Insights -- Costa Rica recovered well but faces substantial challenges -- Growth is mitigated by high inflationary pressures and the global outlook -- The recovery has further progressed -- Financial stability risks appear contained -- Macroeconomic policies can be further strengthened Adapting the monetary policy stance to contain inflation -- Improving debt sustainability and reinforcing the fiscal framework -- Maintaining fiscal prudence is key for debt sustainability -- Raising more revenue and enhancing the redistributive power of tax policy -- Strengthening the fiscal framework -- Improving public debt management -- Strengthening productivity growth -- Boosting productivity through more competition -- Reducing informality: a win-win for productivity and inclusiveness -- Further spreading the benefits of trade integration -- Closing infrastructure gaps Making the most of digitalisation -- Continuing to improve governance and reduce corruption -- Redoubling efforts to improve equality of opportunities -- Upgrading social protection -- Reducing gender inequalities -- Adapting the pension system to ageing -- Transitioning towards net carbon neutrality -- References -- 2 Improving the quality and efficiency of education and training in Costa Rica to better support growth and equity -- Strengthening pre-tertiary education -- Pre-tertiary education does not equip all students with sufficient skills -- Educational attainment could be increased further The quality of education needs to improve -- Inequality in education is high -- Expanding coverage and quality of early childhood education and care services -- Fully implementing the curricula reform -- Better supporting students at risk of educational exclusion -- Improving school infrastructure -- Strengthening the digitalisation of education -- Improving the quality of teachers -- Improving the selection of students accessing programmes in education -- Improving the hiring system -- Strengthening teachers' in-service training -- Strengthening the appraisal process Improving the governance and regulation of Education and Administrative Boards -- Prioritise spending in early stages of education to better support growth and equity -- Improving tertiary education -- Boosting tertiary graduation rates and improving spending efficiency on tertiary education -- Improving access to tertiary education for vulnerable groups -- Making STEM fields more attractive to students, especially women -- Making public university funding more efficient, accountable and transparent -- Improving spending efficiency at public universities -- Broadening the sources of revenues…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Intro -- Foreword -- Executive summary -- Costa Rica recovered well but growth prospects are worsening -- The fiscal outlook improved but remains challenging -- Spreading the benefits of integration in international trade -- Improving education and equality of opportunities -- 1 Key Policy Insights -- Costa Rica recovered well but faces substantial challenges -- Growth is mitigated by high inflationary pressures and the global outlook -- The recovery has further progressed -- Financial stability risks appear contained -- Macroeconomic policies can be further strengthened Adapting the monetary policy stance to contain inflation -- Improving debt sustainability and reinforcing the fiscal framework -- Maintaining fiscal prudence is key for debt sustainability -- Raising more revenue and enhancing the redistributive power of tax policy -- Strengthening the fiscal framework -- Improving public debt management -- Strengthening productivity growth -- Boosting productivity through more competition -- Reducing informality: a win-win for productivity and inclusiveness -- Further spreading the benefits of trade integration -- Closing infrastructure gaps Making the most of digitalisation -- Continuing to improve governance and reduce corruption -- Redoubling efforts to improve equality of opportunities -- Upgrading social protection -- Reducing gender inequalities -- Adapting the pension system to ageing -- Transitioning towards net carbon neutrality -- References -- 2 Improving the quality and efficiency of education and training in Costa Rica to better support growth and equity -- Strengthening pre-tertiary education -- Pre-tertiary education does not equip all students with sufficient skills -- Educational attainment could be increased further The quality of education needs to improve -- Inequality in education is high -- Expanding coverage and quality of early childhood education and care services -- Fully implementing the curricula reform -- Better supporting students at risk of educational exclusion -- Improving school infrastructure -- Strengthening the digitalisation of education -- Improving the quality of teachers -- Improving the selection of students accessing programmes in education -- Improving the hiring system -- Strengthening teachers' in-service training -- Strengthening the appraisal process Improving the governance and regulation of Education and Administrative Boards -- Prioritise spending in early stages of education to better support growth and equity -- Improving tertiary education -- Boosting tertiary graduation rates and improving spending efficiency on tertiary education -- Improving access to tertiary education for vulnerable groups -- Making STEM fields more attractive to students, especially women -- Making public university funding more efficient, accountable and transparent -- Improving spending efficiency at public universities -- Broadening the sources of revenues…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Intro -- Foreword -- Executive summary -- Costa Rica recovered well but growth prospects are worsening -- The fiscal outlook improved but remains challenging -- Spreading the benefits of integration in international trade -- Improving education and equality of opportunities -- 1 Key Policy Insights -- Costa Rica recovered well but faces substantial challenges -- Growth is mitigated by high inflationary pressures and the global outlook -- The recovery has further progressed -- Financial stability risks appear contained -- Macroeconomic policies can be further strengthened Adapting the monetary policy stance to contain inflation -- Improving debt sustainability and reinforcing the fiscal framework -- Maintaining fiscal prudence is key for debt sustainability -- Raising more revenue and enhancing the redistributive power of tax policy -- Strengthening the fiscal framework -- Improving public debt management -- Strengthening productivity growth -- Boosting productivity through more competition -- Reducing informality: a win-win for productivity and inclusiveness -- Further spreading the benefits of trade integration -- Closing infrastructure gaps Making the most of digitalisation -- Continuing to improve governance and reduce corruption -- Redoubling efforts to improve equality of opportunities -- Upgrading social protection -- Reducing gender inequalities -- Adapting the pension system to ageing -- Transitioning towards net carbon neutrality -- References -- 2 Improving the quality and efficiency of education and training in Costa Rica to better support growth and equity -- Strengthening pre-tertiary education -- Pre-tertiary education does not equip all students with sufficient skills -- Educational attainment could be increased further The quality of education needs to improve -- Inequality in education is high -- Expanding coverage and quality of early childhood education and care services -- Fully implementing the curricula reform -- Better supporting students at risk of educational exclusion -- Improving school infrastructure -- Strengthening the digitalisation of education -- Improving the quality of teachers -- Improving the selection of students accessing programmes in education -- Improving the hiring system -- Strengthening teachers' in-service training -- Strengthening the appraisal process Improving the governance and regulation of Education and Administrative Boards -- Prioritise spending in early stages of education to better support growth and equity -- Improving tertiary education -- Boosting tertiary graduation rates and improving spending efficiency on tertiary education -- Improving access to tertiary education for vulnerable groups -- Making STEM fields more attractive to students, especially women -- Making public university funding more efficient, accountable and transparent -- Improving spending efficiency at public universities -- Broadening the sources of revenues…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Intro -- Foreword -- Executive summary -- Costa Rica recovered well but growth prospects are worsening -- The fiscal outlook improved but remains challenging -- Spreading the benefits of integration in international trade -- Improving education and equality of opportunities -- 1 Key Policy Insights -- Costa Rica recovered well but faces substantial challenges -- Growth is mitigated by high inflationary pressures and the global outlook -- The recovery has further progressed -- Financial stability risks appear contained -- Macroeconomic policies can be further strengthened Adapting the monetary policy stance to contain inflation -- Improving debt sustainability and reinforcing the fiscal framework -- Maintaining fiscal prudence is key for debt sustainability -- Raising more revenue and enhancing the redistributive power of tax policy -- Strengthening the fiscal framework -- Improving public debt management -- Strengthening productivity growth -- Boosting productivity through more competition -- Reducing informality: a win-win for productivity and inclusiveness -- Further spreading the benefits of trade integration -- Closing infrastructure gaps Making the most of digitalisation -- Continuing to improve governance and reduce corruption -- Redoubling efforts to improve equality of opportunities -- Upgrading social protection -- Reducing gender inequalities -- Adapting the pension system to ageing -- Transitioning towards net carbon neutrality -- References -- 2 Improving the quality and efficiency of education and training in Costa Rica to better support growth and equity -- Strengthening pre-tertiary education -- Pre-tertiary education does not equip all students with sufficient skills -- Educational attainment could be increased further The quality of education needs to improve -- Inequality in education is high -- Expanding coverage and quality of early childhood education and care services -- Fully implementing the curricula reform -- Better supporting students at risk of educational exclusion -- Improving school infrastructure -- Strengthening the digitalisation of education -- Improving the quality of teachers -- Improving the selection of students accessing programmes in education -- Improving the hiring system -- Strengthening teachers' in-service training -- Strengthening the appraisal process Improving the governance and regulation of Education and Administrative Boards -- Prioritise spending in early stages of education to better support growth and equity -- Improving tertiary education -- Boosting tertiary graduation rates and improving spending efficiency on tertiary education -- Improving access to tertiary education for vulnerable groups -- Making STEM fields more attractive to students, especially women -- Making public university funding more efficient, accountable and transparent -- Improving spending efficiency at public universities -- Broadening the sources of revenues…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Intro -- Foreword -- Executive summary -- Costa Rica recovered well but growth prospects are worsening -- The fiscal outlook improved but remains challenging -- Spreading the benefits of integration in international trade -- Improving education and equality of opportunities -- 1 Key Policy Insights -- Costa Rica recovered well but faces substantial challenges -- Growth is mitigated by high inflationary pressures and the global outlook -- The recovery has further progressed -- Financial stability risks appear contained -- Macroeconomic policies can be further strengthened Adapting the monetary policy stance to contain inflation -- Improving debt sustainability and reinforcing the fiscal framework -- Maintaining fiscal prudence is key for debt sustainability -- Raising more revenue and enhancing the redistributive power of tax policy -- Strengthening the fiscal framework -- Improving public debt management -- Strengthening productivity growth -- Boosting productivity through more competition -- Reducing informality: a win-win for productivity and inclusiveness -- Further spreading the benefits of trade integration -- Closing infrastructure gaps Making the most of digitalisation -- Continuing to improve governance and reduce corruption -- Redoubling efforts to improve equality of opportunities -- Upgrading social protection -- Reducing gender inequalities -- Adapting the pension system to ageing -- Transitioning towards net carbon neutrality -- References -- 2 Improving the quality and efficiency of education and training in Costa Rica to better support growth and equity -- Strengthening pre-tertiary education -- Pre-tertiary education does not equip all students with sufficient skills -- Educational attainment could be increased further The quality of education needs to improve -- Inequality in education is high -- Expanding coverage and quality of early childhood education and care services -- Fully implementing the curricula reform -- Better supporting students at risk of educational exclusion -- Improving school infrastructure -- Strengthening the digitalisation of education -- Improving the quality of teachers -- Improving the selection of students accessing programmes in education -- Improving the hiring system -- Strengthening teachers' in-service training -- Strengthening the appraisal process Improving the governance and regulation of Education and Administrative Boards -- Prioritise spending in early stages of education to better support growth and equity -- Improving tertiary education -- Boosting tertiary graduation rates and improving spending efficiency on tertiary education -- Improving access to tertiary education for vulnerable groups -- Making STEM fields more attractive to students, especially women -- Making public university funding more efficient, accountable and transparent -- Improving spending efficiency at public universities -- Broadening the sources of revenues…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Intro -- Foreword -- Executive summary -- Costa Rica recovered well but growth prospects are worsening -- The fiscal outlook improved but remains challenging -- Spreading the benefits of integration in international trade -- Improving education and equality of opportunities -- 1 Key Policy Insights -- Costa Rica recovered well but faces substantial challenges -- Growth is mitigated by high inflationary pressures and the global outlook -- The recovery has further progressed -- Financial stability risks appear contained -- Macroeconomic policies can be further strengthened Adapting the monetary policy stance to contain inflation -- Improving debt sustainability and reinforcing the fiscal framework -- Maintaining fiscal prudence is key for debt sustainability -- Raising more revenue and enhancing the redistributive power of tax policy -- Strengthening the fiscal framework -- Improving public debt management -- Strengthening productivity growth -- Boosting productivity through more competition -- Reducing informality: a win-win for productivity and inclusiveness -- Further spreading the benefits of trade integration -- Closing infrastructure gaps Making the most of digitalisation -- Continuing to improve governance and reduce corruption -- Redoubling efforts to improve equality of opportunities -- Upgrading social protection -- Reducing gender inequalities -- Adapting the pension system to ageing -- Transitioning towards net carbon neutrality -- References -- 2 Improving the quality and efficiency of education and training in Costa Rica to better support growth and equity -- Strengthening pre-tertiary education -- Pre-tertiary education does not equip all students with sufficient skills -- Educational attainment could be increased further The quality of education needs to improve -- Inequality in education is high -- Expanding coverage and quality of early childhood education and care services -- Fully implementing the curricula reform -- Better supporting students at risk of educational exclusion -- Improving school infrastructure -- Strengthening the digitalisation of education -- Improving the quality of teachers -- Improving the selection of students accessing programmes in education -- Improving the hiring system -- Strengthening teachers' in-service training -- Strengthening the appraisal process Improving the governance and regulation of Education and Administrative Boards -- Prioritise spending in early stages of education to better support growth and equity -- Improving tertiary education -- Boosting tertiary graduation rates and improving spending efficiency on tertiary education -- Improving access to tertiary education for vulnerable groups -- Making STEM fields more attractive to students, especially women -- Making public university funding more efficient, accountable and transparent -- Improving spending efficiency at public universities -- Broadening the sources of revenues…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Intro -- Foreword -- Executive summary -- Costa Rica recovered well but growth prospects are worsening -- The fiscal outlook improved but remains challenging -- Spreading the benefits of integration in international trade -- Improving education and equality of opportunities -- 1 Key Policy Insights -- Costa Rica recovered well but faces substantial challenges -- Growth is mitigated by high inflationary pressures and the global outlook -- The recovery has further progressed -- Financial stability risks appear contained -- Macroeconomic policies can be further strengthened Adapting the monetary policy stance to contain inflation -- Improving debt sustainability and reinforcing the fiscal framework -- Maintaining fiscal prudence is key for debt sustainability -- Raising more revenue and enhancing the redistributive power of tax policy -- Strengthening the fiscal framework -- Improving public debt management -- Strengthening productivity growth -- Boosting productivity through more competition -- Reducing informality: a win-win for productivity and inclusiveness -- Further spreading the benefits of trade integration -- Closing infrastructure gaps Making the most of digitalisation -- Continuing to improve governance and reduce corruption -- Redoubling efforts to improve equality of opportunities -- Upgrading social protection -- Reducing gender inequalities -- Adapting the pension system to ageing -- Transitioning towards net carbon neutrality -- References -- 2 Improving the quality and efficiency of education and training in Costa Rica to better support growth and equity -- Strengthening pre-tertiary education -- Pre-tertiary education does not equip all students with sufficient skills -- Educational attainment could be increased further The quality of education needs to improve -- Inequality in education is high -- Expanding coverage and quality of early childhood education and care services -- Fully implementing the curricula reform -- Better supporting students at risk of educational exclusion -- Improving school infrastructure -- Strengthening the digitalisation of education -- Improving the quality of teachers -- Improving the selection of students accessing programmes in education -- Improving the hiring system -- Strengthening teachers' in-service training -- Strengthening the appraisal process Improving the governance and regulation of Education and Administrative Boards -- Prioritise spending in early stages of education to better support growth and equity -- Improving tertiary education -- Boosting tertiary graduation rates and improving spending efficiency on tertiary education -- Improving access to tertiary education for vulnerable groups -- Making STEM fields more attractive to students, especially women -- Making public university funding more efficient, accountable and transparent -- Improving spending efficiency at public universities -- Broadening the sources of revenues…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Intro -- Foreword -- Executive summary -- Costa Rica recovered well but growth prospects are worsening -- The fiscal outlook improved but remains challenging -- Spreading the benefits of integration in international trade -- Improving education and equality of opportunities -- 1 Key Policy Insights -- Costa Rica recovered well but faces substantial challenges -- Growth is mitigated by high inflationary pressures and the global outlook -- The recovery has further progressed -- Financial stability risks appear contained -- Macroeconomic policies can be further strengthened Adapting the monetary policy stance to contain inflation -- Improving debt sustainability and reinforcing the fiscal framework -- Maintaining fiscal prudence is key for debt sustainability -- Raising more revenue and enhancing the redistributive power of tax policy -- Strengthening the fiscal framework -- Improving public debt management -- Strengthening productivity growth -- Boosting productivity through more competition -- Reducing informality: a win-win for productivity and inclusiveness -- Further spreading the benefits of trade integration -- Closing infrastructure gaps Making the most of digitalisation -- Continuing to improve governance and reduce corruption -- Redoubling efforts to improve equality of opportunities -- Upgrading social protection -- Reducing gender inequalities -- Adapting the pension system to ageing -- Transitioning towards net carbon neutrality -- References -- 2 Improving the quality and efficiency of education and training in Costa Rica to better support growth and equity -- Strengthening pre-tertiary education -- Pre-tertiary education does not equip all students with sufficient skills -- Educational attainment could be increased further The quality of education needs to improve -- Inequality in education is high -- Expanding coverage and quality of early childhood education and care services -- Fully implementing the curricula reform -- Better supporting students at risk of educational exclusion -- Improving school infrastructure -- Strengthening the digitalisation of education -- Improving the quality of teachers -- Improving the selection of students accessing programmes in education -- Improving the hiring system -- Strengthening teachers' in-service training -- Strengthening the appraisal process Improving the governance and regulation of Education and Administrative Boards -- Prioritise spending in early stages of education to better support growth and equity -- Improving tertiary education -- Boosting tertiary graduation rates and improving spending efficiency on tertiary education -- Improving access to tertiary education for vulnerable groups -- Making STEM fields more attractive to students, especially women -- Making public university funding more efficient, accountable and transparent -- Improving spending efficiency at public universities -- Broadening the sources of revenues…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Intro -- Foreword -- Executive summary -- Costa Rica recovered well but growth prospects are worsening -- The fiscal outlook improved but remains challenging -- Spreading the benefits of integration in international trade -- Improving education and equality of opportunities -- 1 Key Policy Insights -- Costa Rica recovered well but faces substantial challenges -- Growth is mitigated by high inflationary pressures and the global outlook -- The recovery has further progressed -- Financial stability risks appear contained -- Macroeconomic policies can be further strengthened Adapting the monetary policy stance to contain inflation -- Improving debt sustainability and reinforcing the fiscal framework -- Maintaining fiscal prudence is key for debt sustainability -- Raising more revenue and enhancing the redistributive power of tax policy -- Strengthening the fiscal framework -- Improving public debt management -- Strengthening productivity growth -- Boosting productivity through more competition -- Reducing informality: a win-win for productivity and inclusiveness -- Further spreading the benefits of trade integration -- Closing infrastructure gaps Making the most of digitalisation -- Continuing to improve governance and reduce corruption -- Redoubling efforts to improve equality of opportunities -- Upgrading social protection -- Reducing gender inequalities -- Adapting the pension system to ageing -- Transitioning towards net carbon neutrality -- References -- 2 Improving the quality and efficiency of education and training in Costa Rica to better support growth and equity -- Strengthening pre-tertiary education -- Pre-tertiary education does not equip all students with sufficient skills -- Educational attainment could be increased further The quality of education needs to improve -- Inequality in education is high -- Expanding coverage and quality of early childhood education and care services -- Fully implementing the curricula reform -- Better supporting students at risk of educational exclusion -- Improving school infrastructure -- Strengthening the digitalisation of education -- Improving the quality of teachers -- Improving the selection of students accessing programmes in education -- Improving the hiring system -- Strengthening teachers' in-service training -- Strengthening the appraisal process Improving the governance and regulation of Education and Administrative Boards -- Prioritise spending in early stages of education to better support growth and equity -- Improving tertiary education -- Boosting tertiary graduation rates and improving spending efficiency on tertiary education -- Improving access to tertiary education for vulnerable groups -- Making STEM fields more attractive to students, especially women -- Making public university funding more efficient, accountable and transparent -- Improving spending efficiency at public universities -- Broadening the sources of revenues…”