Accés restringit als usuaris d'ESADE

“…In 2011, OECD conducted a survey of member countries to gain a better overview of the mechanisms in place in countries for assessing and managing the risks of obsolete pesticides. Obsolete pesticides are those that are no longer fit for purpose for some reason, be it product deterioration, de-registration or a revision of use conditions. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Executive summary -- 1 Corruption risks across commodity trading transactions: An overview -- Opacity of ownership and governance structures of key actors involved in commodity trading -- Use of corporate vehicles in commodity trading transactions -- Use of front companies to purchase commodities -- Use of joint venture structures in commodity trading transactions -- Concealment of beneficial owners of buyers -- Involvement of politically exposed persons in commodity trading transactions -- Use of intermediaries in commodity trading transactions -- Lack of or insufficient corporate due diligence -- Note -- 2 Corruption risks in the buyer selection process -- Opacity of the selection of buyers -- Use of bribery to secure commodities -- Existence of conflicts of interest between buyer and seller -- 3 Corruption risks in the terms of the sales agreement -- Lack of transparency of the key terms of the transaction -- Additional risks associated with the use of non-conventional sales agreements -- Resource-backed finance agreements -- Commodity-for-product-swap-agreements -- 4 Corruption risks in the transfer of the commodities -- Misinvoicing of commodities -- Misreporting of grade and valuation -- Misreporting of volume -- 5 Corruption risks in the collection of the payment -- Opacity of the revenue flows -- Manipulation of the foreign exchange rate -- Lack of transparency of the payment account -- References -- Annex A. …”

“…The case studies provide insight into companies’ awareness of potential climate risks and vulnerabilities, their progress in assessing specific impacts on their businesses and possible ways to respond to them, and their implementation of adaptation measures and strategies to manage these risks. …”

“…Based on this, we present practical guidelines for policy makers and insurance companies aiming to introduce PAYD schemes as a tool to reduce crash risk, improve traffic safety, and reduce the negative environmental impacts of car use…”