“…The former stems from the possibility of obtaining gains without paying the associated costs (which are incurred by the agents that decide to co-operate); the latter is the risk of being the only one (or among the few) that acts co-operatively, so that the agent pays the costs but obtains less than what it would be feasible had other agents decided to co-operate. …”

“…This paper examines the main forces at play behind this run-up and provides some insight into whether and how they might possibly unwind in the future, a process that may already be underway. …”

“…This note further explores possible reasons for the limited role played by investor-state arbitration in the enforcement of IPRs…”

“…This paper summarizes and organizes presentations in the Round Table's presentations and discussions, draws conclusions when possible, and points out where opinions differ. It is divided in three main sections. …”

“…It identifies means of establishing effective industry-regulator collaboration and provides indications on how to overcome difficulties that can arise. It also advises on possible areas of concern. The report addresses in particular the issue of regulator independence, means to preserve it and ways to demonstrate it to the public while undertaking collaboration with industry…”

“…The measurement of non-Newtonian liquids is only possible with the rotational viscometer. Viscosity measurements are carried out predominantly according to five methods: the capillary viscometer, the flow cup, the rotational viscometer, the rolling ball viscometer and the drawing ball viscometer. …”

“…This paper uses an overlapping generations demographic simulation model, which incorporates bequest behaviour, technological change, the possibility that the economy is open to international trade, and government consumption expenditures that depend on the age composition of the population. …”

“…This report focuses on the impact of high-stake summative assessment on innovation and argues that it is possible to reconcile high-stakes assessments and examinations through innovative approaches to testing. …”

“…The absence of measurable absorption does not preclude the possibility of photodegradation. This method utilises a double-beam spectrophotometer which records only the absorption differences between the blank (the solvent and all present chemical species other than the test chemical) and test solutions to give the spectrum of the chemical being tested. …”

“…This paper describes some of the emerging maize biotechnologies, outlines progress made in R & D and discusses their possible impact on maize production. At present, the new biotechnologies are directed more towards quality enhancement (modification of starch, protein or oil content) and towards endowing plants with particular properties (herbicide tolerance, resistance to pests or adverse weather conditions) than towards increasing yields per se. …”

“…A portion of the trade decline remains unexplained, which may reflect a possible breakdown in global supply chains. Looking ahead, the pace of normalisation in financial conditions and the future evolution of global supply integration will affect the speed of recovery in trade and global output…”

“…This paper explores issues relating to the process of allocating participatory rights in RFMOs, especially in those cases in which one or more fisheries remain unallocated, and is intended to stimulate discussion among policy makers on possible policy directions in such situations without directly or indirectly evaluating existing allocation schemes. …”

“…An attempt is also made to identify both the embodied (in particular in ICT equipment) and disembodied components of technical progress. The possible relation between improvements in MFP and the accumulation of knowledge (as proxied by R&D expenditures) is discussed, and some tentative policy considerations are advanced, mainly with reference to general framework conditions that might have a bearing in fostering technological changes. …”

“…ICSID Convention after Fifty Years: Unsettled Issues celebrates the fiftieth anniversary of the Convention on the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID Convention or Washington Convention) with an overview and analysis of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) case law to date and focusing particularly on unsettled issues, assesses possible developments in the institution's next phase. …”

“…In response to the transformations and the dramatic downsizing of the higher education system, how is it possible to affirm the centrality of the education of the "human capital", aimed at the growth and cohesion of society? …”

“…This research topic mainly deals with possible applications of different non-Saccharomyces yeast to wine production such as aroma production, ethanol reduction or biocontrol…”

“…This publication aims to provide a thorough overview of the latest research efforts in this field from international authors and open new possible research paths for further novel developments…”

“…It outperforms older techniques (such as crystallization, solvent extraction, and distillation) by offering unequaled resolving power and the possibility of lowering detection limits to below nanogram levels. …”

“…Development of the thin film and coating technologies (TFCT) made possible the technological revolution in electronics and through it the revolution in IT and communications in the end of the twentieth century. …”

“…In particular, network coding represents a powerful approach to protect data from losses due to link disconnections and can also exploit the combination of multiple links to deliver data to users with the possibility of recoding at intermediate nodes. This phenomenon will reduce information congestion at some nodes or links, which will improve the network information flow such as to increase network throughput and robustness. …”