“…In contrast to previous attempts of gradual reforms, which were never fully implemented, the strategy has been to create a big bang in the health sector, making changes essentially irreversible. The reform has two main aims: to deliver better-quality public health services than at present but at no higher cost; and to reduce the underlying growth rate of public health-care spending over the medium term. …”

“…Twelve trade facilitation indicators (TFIs) have been constructed, corresponding to the main policy areas under negotiation at the WTO, with the aim to estimate the impact of addressing specific facilitation hurdles in the trade procedures of a given country. …”

“…Based on extensive sectoral data it examines, more particularly, levels and changes in labour productivity, unit labour costs and revealed comparative advantages for a large number of Russian industrial sectors. The main findings are the following. First, impressive increases in labour productivity have been achieved since 1997, especially during the post-crisis period. …”

“…The overall conclusion is that such policies have not proven very effective in dealing with the most pressing problems in most types of economy (the dynamic non- Member economies being the main exception), that is, high and persistent unemployment, both short term and long term. …”

“…The entire approach had to be reconsidered: the farmers were to become the main actors of the project rather than simple executors. …”

“…In contrast to the once prevailing norm of secrecy and opaqueness, transparency has now become one of the main features characterising the conduct of monetary policy. …”

“…But fiscal policy has to cope with four main challenges: i) ensuring a return to fiscal consolidation after the current economic downturn; ii) achieving longer-term fiscal sustainability by continuing pension reform; iii) limiting growth of public spending and improving its quality; and iv) making the tax system less distorting for job creation and growth. …”

“…We investigate statistically the characteristics, functioning and incidence of pre-emptive patenting, defined as patent filings whose main effect is to hamper the grant of other patents. …”

“…The aim of this paper is to identify the main problems of comparison between countries and over time of the data on R&D performed in the services industries collected by Member countries and reported to OECD, given the recent rapid growth in their share of total R&D expenditures in the business enterprise sector. …”

“…This paper will review progress and try to bring out some common themes for discussion. The main aim of this paper is to bring together the various alternative methodological approaches to this problem which differs not just in the detail of the analysis, but more significantly in the scale at which the analysis is undertaken. …”

“…It is divided in three main sections. First, the presentations and discussions provided an overview of the advances, promises, and pitfalls of current research on the economic impacts of investments in transport infrastructure. a first recurring theme was that advances in the analysis of "wider impacts" were acknowledged, but their transferability across projects was questioned, so there are "no simple rules" for generalizing results. …”

“…However, in an earlier version of the model, the specification of the domestic financial sector for each country was too rudimentary for simulation analysis under alternative monetary policy assumptions. The main element missing from this version of the model was an explicit formulation of the money demand and supply process (2). …”

“…This paper examines the main determinants of compositional changes in private consumption, output and employment in the post-OPEC 1 period compared with earlier developments. …”

“…La flexibilité du marché du travail -Principales caractéristiques du marché du travail japonais -Changement structurel -L'ajustement réussi du marché du travail -Flexibilité des coûts de main-d' -Facteurs de stabilité et de modération du chômage -Réglementations et mesures gouvernementales -Conclusions et perspectives d'évolution IV. …”

“…We first looked at the immediate effects of each macroeconomic measure implemented by the state on main macroeconomic variables and on unemployment, income inequality, percentage of poor and the poverty gap. …”

“…Principaux aspects de rajustement du secteur industriel -Vue d'ensemble -Echanges, structure de la production et des échanges -Structure de la production et économies d'échelle -L'adéquation de la composition de la production -Coûts de main-d' prix et rentabilité B. Le rôle de la politique économique dans l'ajustement -Les aides directes aux entreprises -Les politiques macro-économiques C. …”

“…The second part of the paper examines whether and how national governments hand the burden of fiscal adjustment down to sub-national levels, mainly looking at examples from the wave of fiscal adjustments in the wake of the 2007-09 global financial crisis…”

“…Overcoming these challenges will require finding the appropriate balance between long run objectives and macroeconomic and fiscal stability. One of the main obstacles to economic growth is the insufficient and inadequate provision of human capital and skills. …”

“…The paper is organized in four parts: (1) a summary of child outcomes of concern in various OECD countries; (2) a discussion of one particular outcome, child poverty, and its negative consequences for children; (3) a summary of the research linking different family types with different outcomes; and (4) the social policies that may lead to different positive and negative outcomes. Our main conclusions from this literature review is that knowledge-building is proceeding, in particular, with regard to child poverty and the policies ..…”

“…Refocusing banks’ attention toward their main economic functions is a core requirement for durable financial stability and sustainable economic growth…”