“…The first part of this paper discusses Egypt's newly established social fund (1991), notably the adequacy of its core programmes and targeting mechanism for providing an appropriate "social safety net" in the medium term. The second part of the paper deals with Egypt's financial intermediation system, which is unable to convert large amounts of liquid savings into long-term real capital, hence increasing the time-lag between reform and growth. …”

“…The paper explores how this can help sustain global growth in the medium term, driven by product differentiation, branding and marketing in the new growth markets of Asia…”

“…Mutant frequency is determined by seeding known numbers of cells in medium containing the selective agent to detect mutant cells, and in medium without selective agent to determine the cloning efficiency (viability). …”

“…This edition of OECD's periodic review of Italy's economy finds a welcome economic recovery under way with improvements in export and labour market performance. But medium-term prospects remain challenging: total factor productivity shows little signs of resurgence, highpublic indebtedness threatens fiscal sustainability and population ageing looms large. …”

“…The Atlas also identifies the medium- and long-term trends and provides elements for strategic thinking on the future…”

“…Using cluster analysis, we divide 29 sectors into three groups of high, medium and low levels of trade and foreign direct investment penetration in 2003 and 2008. …”

“…Another challenge is to enhance the performance and accelerate the restructuring of small and medium-sized enterprises, which account for over 90% of service-sector employment. …”

“…The test substance, normally at 20 mg C/L, as the sole source of carbon and energy, is incubated (during 28 days normally) in sealed bottles with aerobic condition containing a buffer-mineral salts medium, which has been inoculated with a mixed population of micro-organisms. …”

“…For the depuration phase they are then transferred to a medium free of the test substance, or fed with clean, untreated feed. …”

“…A main challenge for policy makers is therefore to avoid that the increase in labour market segmentation between insiders and outsiders that would hurt the most vulnerable. Over the medium term, labour market policies need to respond to the ageing of the labour force, which implies that an increasing number of workers with permanent contracts will retire. …”

“…This paper discusses the implications of tax policy for the growth of entrepreneurship and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Some existing features of OECD tax systems are biased against entrepreneurs and small firms. …”

“…The estimated macroeconomic costs of redirecting banks’ attention away from such unconventional business practices are low. During a medium-term adjustment period, for each percentage point of bank equity, regulation that is not based on risk-weighted assets would affect annual GDP growth by -0.02 percentage point more than under the risk-weighted assets framework. …”

“…There are two explanations for the increase in emissions from transport: the first is dependency on the internal combustion engine for transport with no wide-scale economically viable alternative available in the medium term; the second is the sharp increase in vehicle-kilometres travelled, which seems to be an inherent feature of economic development. …”

“…This presents new international opportunities for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Cross-border business networking allows SMEs to expand their markets and distribution channels, to realise economies of scale and scope in products and processes, and to profit from the sale and licensing of technology-based assets. …”

“…Since the early 1980s, most OECD countries have embarked on medium-term strategies to restore greater balance to the public finances and to wind back government intervention in the economy. …”

“…In particular the paper emphasizes: a) the larger role attributed by model-builders to interest rates as compared to financial quantity constraints; b) the inadequate consideration given to expectations in the modelling of the wage indexation process and international linkages (especially with respect to the EMS); and c) the significant impact of monetary policy on the real economy and the importance of the real output costs which result from disinflationary policy, at least in the short to medium run. Moreover, policy simulation with some models suggests that a sustained exogeneous rise in nominal interest rates under fixed exchange rates would have a stagflationary impact (lower output, higher prices) because of the assumption that firms, which are highly ..…”

“…A structural disequilibrium has developed, in the sense that the majority of medium- and long-term capital inflows has been directed to the public sector, and within the public sector, primarily to infrastructure projects. …”

“…Although small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Mexico make up most of the firms in the formal economy, they are hampered by a lack of financing and skilled workers. …”

“…Myriad entrepreneurial firms across all regions should better adapt to new megatrends of ageing, globalisation and digitalisation. While small-and-medium sized firms are generally more productive, export more, and engage more in higher technology activities than in comparable countries, they need to adapt to maintain this good performance. …”

“…Chile also needs to improve access to quality tertiary education for students from medium and low socio-economic backgrounds. Finally, in terms of activating and using skills effectively, a key goal should be to reduce skill mismatch, which contributes to low productivity growth. …”