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“…At the presynaptic level, retrograde synaptic signaling was demonstrated to modulate GABA release, whereas postsynaptic forms of plasticity involve changes in the number/gating properties of GABAA receptors and/or shifts of chloride gradients. …”

“…These include:• Regulation of sleep-wake transition by the interaction of hypocretin neurons of lateral hypothalamus and nor adrenergic neurons of the locus coruleaus• Regulation of feeding by AGRP and POMC neurons in arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus• Place preference and positive reinforcement by activation of DA neuron of VTA• Place aversion by activation of VTA GABA and lateral habenula neurons• Opposing influences on reinforcement by activation of D1 and D2 expressing medium spiny neurons of dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbensThe list still grows...From cell type specific manipulations to signaling properties in the cell (Dietz et al 2012) with unprecedented temporal resolution, these tools revolutionize the exploration of pathways/connectivity. …”

“…Stress could affect also other non-neuroendocrine regions and systems. GABA is one of the classical neurotransmitter sensitive to stress either when applied acutely or repetitively as well as its receptor GABAA. …”

“…Este Volumen III, Tomo 3 De Freud a nuestros días, incluye las siguientes partes: Las ciencias humana en el siglo XX; El desarrollo de las ciencias matemáticas y físico-naturales en el siglo XX; La epistemología contemporánea en su génesis y en su desarrollo; Grandes protagonistas de la filosofía teórica norteamericana contemporánea; Individuo, Mercado y Estado en la politología norteamericana contemporánea: Rawls, Nozick, Novak, y contiene además, un Anexo dedicado a la filosofía española e iberoamericana que incluye filósofos españoles de todos los tiempos y un esbozo de filosofía iberoamericana elaborado por Raúl Gabás y Antoni Martínez Riu. …”

“…In 1969 van den Berg et al. showed compartmentation of glutamate in brain and thus of production of the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, which are essential for learning. That glutamate is synthesized in astrocytes because they in contrast to neurons express the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase was demonstrated 10-15 years later by Yu et al. in cultured astrocytes and Shank et al. in intact brain tissue. …”