Tabla de Contenidos: “…6.3 Strong assumptions made by SOTA attacks -- 6.3.1 The state-of-the-art attacks -- 6.3.2 Strong assumptions -- Assumption 1: Knowledge of BatchNorm statistics -- Assumption 2: Knowing or being able to infer private labels -- 6.3.3 Re-evaluation under relaxed assumptions -- Relaxation 1: Not knowing BatchNorm statistics -- Relaxation 2: Not knowing private labels -- 6.4 Defenses against the gradient inversion attack -- 6.4.1 Encrypt gradients -- 6.4.2 Perturbing gradients -- 6.4.3 Weak encryption of inputs (encoding inputs) -- 6.5 Evaluation -- 6.5.1 Experimental setup -- 6.5.2 Performance of defense methods -- 6.5.3 Performance of combined defenses -- 6.5.4 Time estimate for end-to-end recovery of a single image -- 6.6 Conclusion -- 6.7 Future directions -- 6.7.1 Gradient inversion attacks for text data -- 6.7.2 Gradient inversion attacks in variants of federated learning -- 6.7.3 Defenses with provable guarantee -- References -- 2 Emerging topics -- 7 Personalized federated learning: theory and open problems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Problem formulation of pFL -- 7.3 Review of personalized FL approaches -- 7.3.1 Mixing models -- 7.3.2 Model-based approaches: meta-learning -- 7.3.3 Multi-task learning -- 7.3.4 Weight sharing -- 7.3.5 Clients clustering -- 7.4 Personalized FL algorithms -- 7.4.1 pFedMe -- 7.4.2 FedU -- 7.5 Experiments -- 7.5.1 Experimental settings -- 7.5.2 Comparison -- 7.6 Open problems -- 7.6.1 Transfer learning -- 7.6.2 Knowledge distillation -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Fairness in federated learning -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Notions of fairness -- 8.2.1 Equitable fairness -- 8.2.2 Collaborative fairness -- 8.2.3 Algorithmic fairness -- 8.3 Algorithms to achieve fairness in FL -- 8.3.1 Algorithms to achieve equitable fairness -- 8.3.2 Algorithms to achieve collaborative fairness…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Treaty use: ISDS claims under Georgia's investment treaties -- Georgia's investment treaty policy -- Provisions referring generally to "fair and equitable treatment" may generate serious risks and costs, and should be addressed where possible -- Most-favoured nation (MFN) treatment provisions in Georgia's investment treaties may have a range of unintended consequences -- Unqualified provisions referring to protection for indirect expropriation should be clarified where possible -- Georgia's investment treaties contain relatively few specifications or clarifications in investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) provisions -- Clearer specification of investment protection provisions would help to reflect government intent and ensure policy space for government regulation -- Investment treaties can be used as tools to liberalise domestic investment regimes -- Addressing the unique approach to claims for reflective loss in ISDS -- Opportunities for investment treaties to address investor responsibilities -- Evaluating overlaps between investment treaties -- Evaluating overlaps between investment treaties and domestic law -- Developing approaches to prevention of ISDS claims and ISDS case management -- Procedural considerations: exit and renegotiation -- References -- Annex 3.A. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…. -- Références -- Une revue des relations étudiants-université en Europe -- Les liens juridiques -- L'accès -- L'aide financière aux étudiants -- Droits et obligations des étudiants -- Application des droits : plaintes et recours -- Actions complémentaires -- Notes -- Références -- La responsabilité juridique et ses incidences -- Le principe de responsabilité -- Le contexte du commerce équitable -- Les étudiants en quête de réparation -- Les réactions des autorités de l'enseignement -- L'expérience du médiateur parlementaire danois par rapport à la protection juridique des étudiants -- Le médiateur parlementaire au Danemark -- Quel type de dossier ? …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Outlook and policy recommendations -- Notes -- References -- 3 The Policy Framework for Investment -- Introduction -- Ukraine has a legal regime conducive to the attraction of investment in its energy sector -- Protection of foreign investors -- Non-discrimination in domestic regulations applying to investors in the energy sector -- Non-discrimination in the natural gas market -- Non-discrimination in the electricity market -- Investment promotion -- Transparency requirements -- Ukraine is open to foreign investors -- Measures affecting foreign investment in the energy sector in Ukraine -- Purchase of state-owned land remains restricted for foreign investors -- Restrictions with respect to ownership of agricultural land -- Privatisation -- Natural monopolies restricting foreign investment in the energy sector -- Concessions -- Public-Private Partnerships -- National security concerns -- Efforts to reduce administrative burden are producing results and should be pursued -- Outlook and policy recommendations -- Note -- References -- 4 The Protection of Investment in Ukraine -- Introduction -- The domestic legal framework for the protection of investors -- Strong guarantees against expropriation -- Intellectual Property rights -- Ukraine should continue reinforcing its levels of IP protection and enforcement -- Legal and institutional framework for judicial contract enforcement -- Transparency through publication of court judgments -- Reform efforts to strengthen the judiciary -- Alternative Dispute Resolution -- The need for mediation in Ukraine -- Investment treaties -- Treaty use: ISDS claims under Ukraine's investment treaties -- Reconsidering Ukraine's investment treaty policy -- Vague provisions referring generally to "fair and equitable treatment" generate risks and costs, and should be addressed where possible…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…-- Our Collective Wisdom and Memory Enable Well-Being -- Wellness Is Liberation -- Our Interdependence Is Essential -- Our Wellness Requires Honoring All Bodies -- A New Vision for Addressing Structural Racism -- The US "Healthcare System" Is a Misnomer-We Don't Have a System -- Equitable Care -- Driven by Profit -- The Racial Divide -- Black Distrust -- Health Equity -- Data-Driven Solutions -- Systemic Alignment -- Pro-Black Actions That Health Justice Organizations Can Model -- Acknowledgment: A Vital Antiracism Tool -- Acknowledging Racial Health Disparities to Address Them -- Understanding Health Equity -- Next Steps, Sustained Actions -- Repairing the Whole: How Reparations Can Address Physical and Mental Health -- Can Reparations Heal? …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…De plannen voor de instelling van geallieerde militaire rechtbanken voor de bestraffing van Belgische burgers tijdens de bevrijding van België / Lawrence Van Haecke -- There's something rotten about the state of Belgium : de liquidatie van de repressie en het Europese Verdrag tot Bescherming van de Rechten van de Mens en de Fundamentele Vrijheden : de zaak-De Becker (1956-1962) / Koen Aerts -- "Rapide, rigoureuse et équitable?" : Structures et pratiques de l'épuration interne de la Koninklijke Marechaussee après la Seconde Guerre mondiale / Jonas Compion -- Helpt hulp? …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…L'économie de la maintenance des territoires -- 3. Équité sociale et spatiale -- 4. Politiques implicites et explicites de cohésion dans l'Union européenne -- 5. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…</p><p>7.5 Optimizing 'equitable' thresholds <br>7.6 Assignment -- Memo to the Mayor </p><p><br><strong>Predicting rideshare demand</strong><br>8.1 Introduction -- ride share <br>8.2 Data Wrangling -- ride share <br>8.2.1 Lubridate<br>8.2.2 Weather data <br>8.2.3 Subset a study area using neighborhoods <br>8.2.4 Create the final space/time panel <br>8.2.5 Split training and test<br>8.2.6 What about distance features? …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Évolution du taux d'épargne des ménages -- Réglementation des fonds de pension -- Réorganiser la supervision financière -- Encadré 3. Equitable Life -- Évaluation -- IV. La gestion des dépenses publiques -- L'évolution des dépenses publiques et les forces à l'œuvre -- Graphique 24. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…4.2 Aider toutes les entreprises à gagner en productivité à l'appui d'une croissance inclusive -- 4.2.1 La mise en place de règles de concurrence équitables pour toutes les entreprises accroîtra le potentiel productif et, dans la plupart des circonstances, atténuera les inégalités -- 4.2.2 Les efforts doivent principalement viser à engendrer une meilleure dynamique des entreprises. -- 4.2.3. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Country coordinators -- OECD-Education International "Opportunities, Guidelines and Guardrails" -- Executive Summary -- Digital education ecosystems -- System-level management tools -- Digital ecosystems for teaching and learning -- Digital competences -- Physical infrastructure -- Access, use and governance of digital technologies and data in education -- Equality of access and use -- Data and technology governance -- Interoperability -- Procurement -- Supporting innovation and research and development (R-D) in digital education -- Support organisations -- Opportunities, guidelines and guardrails for an effective and equitable use of AI and digital technology in education -- 1 Towards a digital transformation of education: distance travelled and journey ahead -- Introduction -- Opportunities of a digital transformation -- Personalising learning and education -- Inclusion and equity -- Enhancing the quality of teaching -- Improving efficiency -- Enhancing research and innovation -- Making education more relevant to modern times -- Challenges of a digital transformation -- Digital divides -- Performance of digital tools -- New or amplified biases -- Inefficiencies of a digital ecosystem -- Privacy and data protection -- Ethics of AI -- Social acceptance -- Digital education ecosystems: where do we stand and what more could be done? …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Accurate and consistent valuation is key to efficient and equitable inheritance and estate taxes -- 3.11. The design of gift taxes -- 3.11.1. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Significant strides towards a reliable land administration system but more could be done to clarify ambiguities in land tenure rules -- Land tenure rules -- Land titling and administration -- Further progress is needed to improve the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights -- Some incremental reforms have improved the court system but bold action may be needed to address long-standing concerns -- And many investors continue to prefer arbitration and other forms of alternative dispute resolution to litigation -- Sustained momentum is needed to improve the regulatory climate supporting the digital economy -- Ongoing efforts to tackle corruption, reduce bureaucracy and improve the regulatory framework for investors -- Indonesia's investment treaties -- Treaty coverage for Indonesia's inward and outward FDI stock -- Developments since the first OECD Investment Policy Review -- Treaty use: ISDS claims under Indonesia's investment treaties -- Indonesia's investment treaty policy -- Vague provisions referring generally to "fair and equitable treatment" generate serious risks and costs, and should be addressed where possible -- Most-Favoured Nation treatment provisions in Indonesia's investment treaties may have a range of unintended consequences -- Indonesian treaties generally do not clarify the notion of indirect expropriation -- There are relatively few specifications or clarifications for investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) provisions in Indonesia's investment treaties -- Other possible aspects of investment treaty reform -- Clearer specification of investment protection provisions would help to reflect government intent and ensure policy space for government regulation -- Investment treaties can be used as tools to liberalise domestic investment regimes -- Addressing the unique approach to claims for reflective loss in ISDS…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Pénétration des importations -- Efforts pour réduire les principaux obstacles à l'intégration des marchés -- Harmonisation ou reconnaissance mutuelle des normes techniques -- Pour une concurrence libre et équitable -- Encadré 4. Faire baisser les commissions sur les transferts transfrontières -- Limitation des aides d'État et ouverture des marchés publics -- Graphique 8. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…. -- Le contexte et les justifications d'une approche concertée -- Le contexte -- Neutralité -- Efficience -- Certitude et simplicité -- Efficacité et équité -- Flexibilité -- Programme de travail du Groupe de travail n° 9 -- Sous-groupe sur le commerce électronique du Groupe de travail n° 9 -- Principales conclusions et recommandations -- Introduction -- Principes directeurs pour la définition du lieu de consommation -- Recommandations concernant les options en matière de mécanismes de recouvrement -- Questions connexes -- Analyses et arguments -- Introduction -- Lieu de consommation -- Mécanismes de recouvrement de l'impôt -- Discipline fiscale et coopération administrative -- Simplification -- Évaluation de la procédure des groupes techniques consultatifs -- Domaines de travaux futurs -- Notes -- Appendice I. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…-- 2.2 Critical Considerations in Widening Participation -- 2.3 Best Practice in Widening Participation -- 2.4 Building Aspirations and Community Collaboration -- 2.5 Providing Opportunities and Alternative Pathways -- 2.6 Institutional Reform by Higher Education Providers -- 2.7 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Building Bridges: The Story Behind Australia's Largest Widening Participation Collaboration -- 3.1 Development and Aims of Bridges to Higher Education -- 3.1.1 Background -- 3.1.2 Bridges: Establishing Priorities -- 3.1.3 Bridges Structure: Effective, Efficient, and Equitable -- 3.1.3.1 Management Committee -- 3.1.4 Activities and Reach -- 3.2 Pathways to Dreaming: Western Sydney University -- 3.3 U@Uni Summer School: University of Technology, Sydney -- 3.4 Leap-Robotics: Macquarie University -- 3.5 Compass: Film Production and Editing/Stop Motion Animation: University of Sydney -- 3.6 Meet the Professor: Australian Catholic University -- 3.6.1 Impacts -- 3.6.1.1 Impact of Bridges With Respect to Its Objectives -- 3.6.1.2 Academic Preparedness and Outcomes -- 3.6.1.3 Awareness, Confidence, and Motivation -- 3.6.1.4 School and Community Capacity…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Chapter 1 Quiz -- Answers to Chapter 1 Quiz -- Chapter 2 Taking on Linear Equations and Inequalities -- Variables on the Side: Solving Linear Equations -- Tackling basic linear equations -- Clearing out the grouping symbols -- Making Fractional Terms More Manageable -- Solving for a Variable -- Making Linear Inequalities More Equitable -- Solving linear inequalities -- Introducing interval notation -- Compounding the Situation with Compound Statements -- Dealing with Linear Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities -- Being absolutely fair with equations -- Seeing through absolute value inequality -- Practice Questions Answers and Explanations -- Whaddya Know? …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…The 2023 assessment of progress made since 2020 has allowed to update and fine-tune the recommendations for each country of the region -- References -- 2 Kazakhstan -- Introduction -- COVID-19 and Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine have challenged the government in maintaining reforms to sustain long-term growth -- Continued reform efforts in Kazakhstan resulted in robust economic growth -- The government focused on short-term policies in the context of COVID-19 and Russia's war in Ukraine -- Addressing long-term reforms is crucial for the economy to withstand current shocks and adapt to the environmental challenge -- The 2020 OECD report identified a need for improved implementation of reforms in three priority areas -- Operational environment for SMEs -- Contract enforcement -- Trade facilitation -- Assessing implementation progress since 2020 -- Priority 1: Business regulation has become more transparent and equitable, but reforms require thorough implementation -- The gradual phasing out of COVID-19 support packages to businesses coincided with a rethinking of business regulations -- Reforms have focussed on stabilising regulatory and inspection procedures -- Further progress in the digitalisation of public services has supported easing the administrative burden for firms -- The government has also deployed efforts to support an even implementation of reforms -- Implementation lags and complexities remain -- The regulatory landscape remains very changeable, and firms struggle to keep pace with reforms -- Business inspections remain a central issue in the operational environment for firms -- The pace of regulatory changes still needs to adapt to implementation capacities -- The government should stabilise regulation through a systematic use of regulatory impact assessments and improve the monitoring of reform implementation…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…. -- 4.2 Aider toutes les entreprises à gagner en productivité à l'appui d'une croissance inclusive -- 4.2.1 La mise en place de règles de concurrence équitables pour toutes les entreprises accroîtra le potentiel productif et, dans la plupart des circonstances, atténuera les inégalités -- 4.2.2 Les efforts doivent principalement viser à engendrer une meilleure dynamique des entreprises. -- 4.2.3. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Extending connectivity by easing barriers to infrastructure deployment and complementing measures through local bottom-up approaches -- Making the most out of existing funding and programmes for broadband connectivity -- Supporting students in skills development and entrepreneurship training -- Improving skills needed for the local labour market and for higher education -- Promoting education for entrepreneurship -- Tackling the challenge of measuring innovation in rural areas -- References -- Notes -- 2 Understanding innovation in rural United States -- Setting the scene for rural innovation in the United States -- Understanding economic activities and rural well-being in the United States -- Sector dynamics across US territories -- Innovation in the United States -- Individuals as drivers of innovation -- Firm-based innovation: Competition, higher education and research institutions -- Promoting equitable opportunities for innovation -- Innovation, inequalities and demographic change -- Trends in inequalities -- Trends in population and demography -- Population and employment -- Aging workers -- Gender diversity -- Foreign-born workers -- Persistently poor counties -- Innovation outcomes for non-metropolitan counties -- Drivers of high-tech innovation, employment and productivity -- Annex 2.A. …”