Tabla de Contenidos: “…2.1 Methods that use the gradient2.2 Newton-like methods; 2.3 The promise of Newton's method; 2.4 Caution: convergence versus termination; 2.5 Difficulties with Newton's method; 2.6 Least squares: Gauss-Newton methods; 2.7 Quasi-Newton or variable metric method; 2.8 Conjugate gradient and related methods; 2.9 Other gradient methods; 2.10 Derivative-free methods; 2.10.1 Numerical approximation of gradients; 2.10.2 Approximate and descend; 2.10.3 Heuristic search; 2.11 Stochastic methods; 2.12 Constraint-based methods-mathematical programming; References…”