Tabla de Contenidos: “…9.5 Gut Microbiota as Therapeutic Strategies for Cardiovascular Disease -- 9.5.1 Probiotics -- 9.5.2 Fecal Microbiota Transplantation -- References -- 10 Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Intestinal Microbiome in IBD Patients -- 10.2.1 Dysbiosis in IBD -- 10.2.2 Genetic Factors of the Host Affecting the Pathogenesis of IBD -- 10.2.3 Environmental Factors in the Disruption of Gut Microbiota and Development of IBD -- 10.3 Interventions for the Treatment of IBD -- 10.3.1 Microbiome-modulating Approach in the Treatment of IBD -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Gut Microbiota and Diabetes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Gut Microbiota -- 11.3 Role of Gut Microbiota in Diabetes -- 11.4 Alteration in Gut Microbiota Composition in T1 and T2 Diabetes -- 11.4.1 T1D -- 11.4.2 Type 2 Diabetes -- 11.5 Diabetic Complications -- 11.5.1 Diabetic Retinopathy -- 11.5.2 Diabetic Nephropathy -- 11.5.3 Diabetic Neuropathy -- 11.6 Therapeutic Approaches -- 11.7 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Novel Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Gut Microbiota to Treat Diseases -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Patients with T1D -- 12.3 The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development of T1D -- 12.4 Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Patients with T2D -- 12.5 The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development of T2D -- 12.7 Preventive and Therapeutic Perspectives Including the Gut Microbiota -- References -- 13 Understanding the Role of Microbiota in Cancer -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Role of Microbiota in Cancers -- 13.2.1 Gastric Cancer -- 13.2.2 Colorectal Cancer -- 13.2.3 Liver Cancer -- 13.2.4 Pancreatic Cancer -- 13.3 Mechanism in which Microbiota Kill Cancer Cells -- 13.4 Microbiota that Promote Health Post Cancer Treatment -- 13.5 Conclusion…”

“…Osteogenesis is a core component of the skeletal system and depends on the well-coordinated proliferation and differentiation of osteogenic cells. Multiple signaling pathways and transcriptional factors tightly regulate the process of osteogenesis. …”

“…Mitochondria are crucial organelles for any cell type. Mitochondria take responsibility for not only energy production but also regulation of cell death, also called apoptosis; calcium storage; and heat production. …”

“…Kinases and phosphatases act as switches in the cell that activates or inactivates protein functions. …”

“…The study of how pathogenic Legionella interact with host cells, both protozoan and mammalian, has not only taught us about host-pathogen interactions but has revealed novel and unexpected insights into human cell biology and immunology. …”

“…Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised clinically by various non-motor and progressive motor symptoms, pathologically by loss of dopamine producing cells and intraneuronal cytoplasmic inclusions composed primarily of ?…”

“…Senescence is characterized by irreversible cell cycle arrest independent of quiescence and terminal differentiation. …”

“…"Recombination mechanisms allow cells to break and reattach DNA sequences. They are important for repair of damaged DNA. …”

“…Carbohydrates are extremely abundant bio-molecules; they are on all mammalian cell surfaces as well as on bacterial cell surfaces. …”

“…, IL-6, and also T cells and B cells, reinforced the pathogenetic role of the respective factors. …”

“…Chromosome preparations are then made from the bone marrow cells and stained, and metaphase cells are analysed for chromosome aberrations. …”

“…The inclusion of oncogene-driven reprogramming of energy metabolism within the list of cancer hallmarks (Hanahan and Weinberg, Cell 2000, 2011) has provided major impetus to further investigate the existence of a much wider metabolic rewiring in cancer cells, which not only includes deregulated cellular bioenergetics, but also encompasses multiple links with a more comprehensive network of altered biochemical pathways. …”

“…These proteins aid in T-DNA trafficking through the host cell cytoplasm, nuclear targeting, and T-DNA integration. …”

“…Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale vesicles secreted by cells that mediate horizontal cargo transport from donor to recipient cell, thereby establishing cell-cell communication and signaling. …”