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Tabla de Contenidos: “…Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Editorial -- Abbreviations and acronyms -- Facts and figures of the Western Balkans -- Executive summary -- Amid a COVID-19 pandemic, learning from and with each other in order to tackle challenges and find innovative and timely solutions is more necessary than ever -- Nine shared strategic priorities for the region -- Education and competences -- Social cohesion -- Green recovery energy and air pollution -- Digitalisation -- Migration, brain drain and diaspora engagement -- Creating opportunities for women -- Land management and property rights -- Local governments -- In the end, progress comes down to implementation and reliability -- Part I Assessing opportunities and constraints in the Western Balkans: Regional overview -- Assessing opportunities and constraints in the Western Balkans: Regional overview -- 1 Overview: Identifying strategic opportunities for the Western Balkans -- Vision and opportunities -- Key trends shaping development of the Western Balkans -- Rapid population ageing -- Climate change -- Democratisation process -- Digital transformation -- Assessing well-being performance and constraints to sustainable development in the Western Balkans -- Well-being -- Major constraints to sustainable development -- People -- Prosperity -- Partnerships and financing -- Peace and institutions -- Planet -- COVID-19 in the Western Balkans -- Shared strategic opportunities and challenges as avenues for peer learning -- References -- Note -- 2 Multi-dimensional analysis of development in the Western Balkans -- People -- Social cohesion is limited, and many people are left behind -- Employment opportunities are inadequate, especially for women and the young -- Attending education in the Western Balkans does not yield the skills needed to succeed -- Health systems are ineffective and understaffed, resulting in poor health outcomes -- Social protection needs a more sustainable financing model and does not always reach those most in need -- Prosperity -- GDP growth is weaker but more balanced -- Domestic enterprises, particularly SMEs, face a challenging institutional and business environment -- The lack of a skilled workforce impedes the growth of investment, job creation, innovation and technology adoption -- Infrastructure gaps impede trade and global value chain integration, and unreliable access to electricity and other utilities deter investment -- Partnerships and financing -- Western Balkan economies rely heavily on external financing for growth -- Fiscal performance varies, but the fiscal space in most Western Balkan economies is limited or has narrowed considerably in the post-crisis period -- Weak public-sector revenue performance limits the scope for improvement of public services -- High and rising current expenditures crowd out public investment -- SMEs face considerable difficulties accessing financing -- Peace and institutions -- Western Balkan economies have not yet struck the right balance of power between levels of government -- Imperfectly defined land rights undermine the functioning of land markets -- The judiciary in the Western Balkans is often biased and inefficient -- SOE governance is a source of large inefficiencies -- The EU integration process and the role of informal institutions -- Planet -- Air pollution: high levels of pollution pose a threat to biodiversity, human health and the economy across the Western Balkans -- Levels of air pollution are high across regional economies -- Poor waste management and inadequate wastewater treatment are major sources of ambient and water pollution across Western Balkan economies -- Biodiversity: the region's rich biodiversity and abundant forest coverage is threatened by pollution and not sufficiently protected -- Energy sector: energy efficiency levels are low across Western Balkan economies, and most economies rely heavily on coal for electricity generation -- Governance inefficiencies: tariffs set below operational costs threaten the financial sustainability of public utilities -- Water: water management, access to drinking water and water scarcity are challenges in some Western Balkan economies -- Natural hazards: most Western Balkan economies are vulnerable to natural hazards -- References -- Part II Assessing opportunities and constraints in Albania -- Assessing opportunities and constraints in Albania -- 3 Overview: Identifying strategic opportunities for Albania -- Towards a vision for Albania in 2030: an attractive society with high quality of life and strong human capital, built on reliable, resilient and efficient institutions, a dynamic economy and integration into Europe and the region -- Assessing Albania's development performance -- Sustainable development: summary of Albania's performance and major constraints -- Suggestions for strategic priorities for Albania -- References -- Note -- 4 Impact of COVID-19 in Albania -- Evolution of the pandemic -- Policy responses and economic impact -- Dimensions of vulnerability to further socio-economic impact from COVID-19 -- Material well-being and social protection -- Health and non-material well-being -- References -- 5 Multi-dimensional analysis of development in Albania -- People towards better lives for all -- Improving well-being for all, everywhere -- Strengthening the productive potential and equal participation of all citizens -- Many women and youth are excluded from the labour market and wider society -- Labour market institutions do not address job quality and demand-supply imbalances -- Boosting education quality to increase well-being and quality employment -- Improving health and social protection coverage -- Health outcomes are comparatively good, but the healthcare sector places a high cost burden on patients and suffers from lack of access and resources -- Social protection benefits are too modest and need to be integrated with care services -- Prosperity boosting productivity -- Albania's growth model requires new drivers to accelerate structural transformation and boost productivity -- Albania's tradable sector needs more investment, diversification and upgrading -- The contribution of exports to GDP has improved but leaves room for progress -- Albania has attracted significant amounts of FDI, mostly for energy, extractives and non-tradeable services and less for manufacturing and ICT -- The skills gaps and skills mismatches affect productivity and growth -- The institutional and administrative constraints limit domestic and foreign investment -- Corruption increases the cost of doing business in Albania -- Contract enforcement is lengthy and political, and regulatory instability is relatively high -- Obtaining construction permits is lengthy and expensive -- The large infrastructure gap limits investment, particularly manufacturing FDI -- Partnerships and financing financing sustainable development -- Remittances are an important source of finance in Albania -- The fiscal space is limited -- Revenue performance is lagging behind, and expenditures need to increase in key areas -- Improved tax collection and a broader tax base are needed to improve revenue performance -- Access to financing is constrained by weak property rights and informality -- Peace and institutions strengthening governance -- The fragmented structure of the public administration can stand in the way of implementation -- Albania has numerous and sometimes overlapping strategic documents -- The fragmentation of agencies poses a challenge to implementation capacity -- The courts are short of capacity and still exposed to unlawful external influence -- Property rights are still insecure, affecting land productivity and sustainability -- Land rights in Albania remain insecure -- Path-dependent and incomplete legislative frameworks leave land-related issues unresolved -- Corruption remains a challenge -- Albania has taken steps to fight corruption, but more coherence and co-ordination is required -- Vote buying, obscure party financing and patronage in the public administration are other forms of corruption -- The limited local fiscal and administrative capacity and the unclear regional development framework may exacerbate regional inequalities -- The decentralisation process is ongoing, but local fiscal and administrative capacities remain limited -- The regional development framework has been separated from the decentralisation process -- The…”

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