Tabla de Contenidos: “…3.4 Types of Similarity Measures Between Fuzzy Sets 85 -- 3.5 Generalized Fuzzy Number 85 -- 3.6 Similarity Measures Between Two Fuzzy Numbers 88 -- 3.7 Inclusion Measure 94 -- 3.8 Measures of Fuzziness 95 -- 3.8.1 Index of Fuzziness 95 -- 3.8.2 YageŕÖs Measure 96 -- 3.8.3 Fuzzy Entropy 96 -- 3.9 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Distance and Similarity Measures 98 -- 3.10 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Entropy 105 -- 3.11 Different Types of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Entropies 106 -- 3.12 Summary 107 -- References 107 -- 4 Fuzzy/Intuitionistic Fuzzy Measures and Fuzzy Integrals 111 -- 4.1 Introduction 111 -- 4.2 Definition of Fuzzy Measure 111 -- 4.3 Fuzzy Measures 112 -- 4.3.1 Sugeno Î"-Fuzzy Measure 112 -- 4.3.2 Belief Measure 115 -- 4.3.3 Plausibility Measure 116 -- 4.3.4 Possibility Measure and Necessity Measure 116 -- 4.3.4.1 Possibility Measure 117 -- 4.3.4.2 Necessity Measure 119 -- 4.4 Fuzzy Integrals 121 -- 4.4.1 Sugeno Integral 122 -- 4.4.2 Choquet Integral 125 -- 4.4.3 Sipos Integral 129 -- 4.5 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Integral 130 -- 4.5.1 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Choquet Integral 130 -- 4.6 Summary 131 -- References 131 -- 5 Operations on Fuzzy/Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets and Application in Decision Making 133 -- 5.1 Introduction 133 -- 5.2 Fuzzy Operations 133 -- 5.2.1 Fuzzy Union 134 -- 5.2.2 Fuzzy Intersection 134 -- 5.2.3 Fuzzy Complements 134 -- 5.2.4 Algebraic Product 136 -- 5.2.5 Algebraic Sum 137 -- 5.2.6 Simple Difference 137 -- 5.2.7 Bounded Sum 137 -- 5.2.8 Bounded Difference 137 -- 5.2.9 Bounded Product 137 -- 5.3 Fuzzy Other Operators: Fuzzy T-Norms and T-Conorms 138 -- 5.3.1 Definition of T-Norm 138 -- 5.3.2 Definition of T-Conorm 139 -- 5.4 Implication Operator 142 -- 5.5 Aggregation Operator with Application in Decision Making 144 -- 5.5.1 Fuzzy Weighted Averaging Operator (FWA) 144 -- 5.5.2 Fuzzy Ordered Weighted Averaging Operator (FOWA) 145 -- 5.5.3 Fuzzy Generalized Ordered Weighted Averaging Operator (GOWA) 146 -- 5.5.4 Fuzzy Hybrid Averaging Operator (FHA) 146 -- 5.5.5 Fuzzy Quasi-Arithmetic Weighted Averaging Operator 146.…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…8 - Summary and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 5 - Multifunctional nanostructured biopolymeric materials for therapeutic applications -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Biopolymers -- 2.1 - Natural Biopolymers: Polysaccharides and Proteins -- 2.1.1 - Chitosan -- 2.1.2 - Cellulose -- 2.1.3 - Collagen -- 2.1.4 - Alginate -- 2.2 - Biopolymers From Biotechnology -- 2.2.1 - Polyglycolide -- 2.2.2 - Polylactic acid -- 2.2.3 - Polylactide-co-glycolide -- 2.3 - Biopolymers From Microorganisms -- 2.3.1 - Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 2.4 - Biopolymers From Petrochemical Sources -- 2.4.1 - Polycaprolactone -- 2.4.2 - Polyurethanes -- 3 - Multifunctional Nanostructured Materials -- 3.1 - Shape-Controlled Nanostructures -- 3.2 - Nanocomposites -- 3.3 - Nanostructured Surface -- 4 - Therapeutic Applications -- 4.1 - Targeted Delivery -- 4.2 - Cancer Therapy -- 4.3 - Tissue Engineering -- 4.3.1 - Selection of a stem cell type -- 4.3.2 - Selection of a biomaterial with specific properties -- 4.3.3 - Selection of an "in vivo" or "ex vivo" strategy for generating/regenerating the tissue/organ -- 5 - Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 6 - Polymeric pharmaceutical nanoparticles developed by electrospray -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Polymeric Particles and Atomizers -- 2.1 - Polymer Nanoparticles -- 2.2 - Preparation of Particles -- 2.3 - Atomization -- 2.4 - Electrospray Advantages and Disadvantages -- 3 - Electrospray -- 3.1 - History of Electrohydrodynamic Atomization (Electrospraying and Electrospinning) -- 3.2 - Principles and Theoretical Aspects -- 3.2.1 - Basic principles -- 3.2.2 - Scaling laws for the size -- 3.3 - Electrospray Modes -- 3.4 - EHDA Configurations -- 3.5 - Particle Production by EHDA -- 3.5.1 - Particle production by monoaxial EHDA -- 3.5.2 - Particle production by coaxial EHDA (CEHDA) -- 3.6 - Effective Parameters in electrospray…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…3.2.2 Basic Loop Architecture 53 -- 3.3 Pipeline Architecture 55 -- 3.3.1 Pipeline Architecture for Block Ciphers 55 -- 3.3.2 Advanced Pipeline Architecture for Block Ciphers 56 -- 3.4 AES Hardware Implementations 58 -- 3.4.1 Straightforward Implementation for AES-128 58 -- 3.4.2 Loop Architecture for AES-128 61 -- 3.4.3 Pipeline Architecture for AES-128 65 -- 3.4.4 Compact Architecture for AES-128 66 -- Further Reading 67 -- 4 Cryptanalysis on Block Ciphers 69 -- 4.1 Basics of Cryptanalysis 69 -- 4.1.1 Block Ciphers 69 -- 4.1.2 Security of Block Ciphers 70 -- 4.1.3 Attack Models 71 -- 4.1.4 Complexity of Cryptanalysis 73 -- 4.1.5 Generic Attacks 74 -- 4.1.6 Goal of Shortcut Attacks (Cryptanalysis) 77 -- 4.2 Differential Cryptanalysis 78 -- 4.2.1 Basic Concept and Definition 78 -- 4.2.2 Motivation of Differential Cryptanalysis 79 -- 4.2.3 Probability of Differential Propagation 80 -- 4.2.4 Deterministic Differential Propagation in Linear Computations 83 -- 4.2.5 Probabilistic Differential Propagation in Nonlinear Computations 86 -- 4.2.6 Probability of Differential Propagation for Multiple Rounds 89 -- 4.2.7 Differential Characteristic for AES Reduced to Three Rounds 91 -- 4.2.8 Distinguishing Attack with Differential Characteristic 93 -- 4.2.9 Key Recovery Attack after Differential Characteristic 95 -- 4.2.10 Basic Differential Cryptanalysis for Four-Round AES + 96 -- 4.2.11 Advanced Differential Cryptanalysis for Four-Round AES + 103 -- 4.2.12 Preventing Differential Cryptanalysis + 106 -- 4.3 Impossible Differential Cryptanalysis 110 -- 4.3.1 Basic Concept and Definition 110 -- 4.3.2 Impossible Differential Characteristic for 3.5-round AES 111 -- 4.3.3 Key Recovery Attacks for Five-Round AES 114 -- 4.3.4 Key Recovery Attacks for Seven-Round AES + 123 -- 4.4 Integral Cryptanalysis 131 -- 4.4.1 Basic Concept 131 -- 4.4.2 Processing P through Subkey XOR 132 -- 4.4.3 Processing P through SubBytes Operation 133 -- 4.4.4 Processing P through ShiftRows Operation 134 -- 4.4.5 Processing P through MixColumns Operation 134.…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…-- 2.3.1 The Standards-Making Process of OMG -- 2.3.2 The History of UML -- 2.4 Modeling -- 2.4.1 What Kind of Modeling -- 2.4.2 Purposes for UML Modeling -- 2.4.2.1 Analysis -- 2.4.2.2 Design -- 2.4.2.3 Implementation -- 2.4.2.4 Communication -- 2.4.3 Principles of Modeling -- 2.4.3.1 Risk Mitigation -- 2.4.3.2 Information Hiding and Simplicity -- 2.4.3.3 Whole-Part Relationships -- 2.4.3.4 Classification and Generalization -- 3 Questions for Chapter 2 -- Answers for Chapter 2 -- 4 The Organization of UML -- 4.1 The UML 2.5 Specification -- 4.1.1 Target Audience -- 4.1.2 The Document Layout -- 4.2 The Language Definition-The Clauses -- 4.3 The Subclauses -- 4.4 The Abstract Syntax -- 4.5 The Layered Metamodel -- 4.6 Diagrams -- 4.6.1 Structure Diagrams -- 4.6.2 Behavior Diagrams…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…3.3.3 The with special form -- 3.4 Loops and iterations -- 3.4.1 Iterating with recursion -- 3.4.2 Tail function calls -- 3.4.3 Higher-order functions -- 3.4.4 Comprehensions -- 3.4.5 Streams -- Summary -- 4 Data abstractions -- 4.1 Abstracting with modules -- 4.1.1 Basic abstraction -- 4.1.2 Composing abstractions -- 4.1.3 Structuring data with maps -- 4.1.4 Abstracting with structs -- 4.1.5 Data transparency -- 4.2 Working with hierarchical data -- 4.2.1 Generating IDs -- 4.2.2 Updating entries -- 4.2.3 Immutable hierarchical updates -- 4.2.4 Iterative updates -- 4.2.5 Exercise: importing from a file -- 4.3 Polymorphism with protocols -- 4.3.1 Protocol basics -- 4.3.2 Implementing a protocol -- 4.3.3 Built-in protocols -- Summary -- 5 Concurrency primitives -- 5.1 Concurrency in BEAM -- 5.2 Working with processes -- 5.2.1 Creating processes -- 5.2.2 Message passing -- 5.3 Stateful server processes -- 5.3.1 Server processes -- 5.3.2 Keeping a process state -- 5.3.3 Mutable state -- 5.3.4 Complex states -- 5.3.5 Registered processes -- 5.4 Runtime considerations -- 5.4.1 A process is sequential -- 5.4.2 Unlimited process mailboxes -- 5.4.3 Shared-nothing concurrency -- 5.4.4 Scheduler inner workings -- Summary -- 6 Generic server processes -- 6.1 Building a generic server process -- 6.1.1 Plugging in with modules -- 6.1.2 Implementing the generic code -- 6.1.3 Using the generic abstraction -- 6.1.4 Supporting asynchronous requests -- 6.1.5 Exercise: refactoring the to-do server -- 6.2 Using GenServer -- 6.2.1 OTP behaviours -- 6.2.2 Plugging into GenServer -- 6.2.3 Handling requests -- 6.2.4 Handling plain messages -- 6.2.5 Other GenServer features -- 6.2.6 Process lifecycle -- 6.2.7 OTP-compliant processes -- 6.2.8 Exercise: GenServer-powered to-do server -- Summary -- 7 Building a concurrent system -- 7.1 Working with the mix project…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…3.3.4 Development of the Kinematic Trajectory-Tracking Error Model -- 3.3.5 Linear Controller -- 3.3.6 Lyapunov-Based Control Design -- 3.3.7 Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Control Design in the LMI Framework -- Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Error Model of a Differentially Driven Wheeled Mobile Robot -- PDC Control of a Differentially Driven Wheeled Mobile Robot -- 3.3.8 Model-Based Predictive Control -- Discrete MPC -- 3.3.9 Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Control -- MPC With PSO -- 3.3.10 Visual Servoing Approaches for Solving the Control Problems in Mobile Robotics -- 3.4 Optimal Velocity Profile Estimation for a Known Path -- References -- Chapter 4: Path Planning -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Robot Environment -- 4.1.2 Path Planning -- 4.1.3 Configuration and Configuration Space -- 4.1.4 Mathematical Description of Obstacle Shape and Pose in the Environment -- Border-Based Description of Obstacles -- Obstacle Description Using Intersecting Half-Planes -- 4.2 Environment Presentation for Path Planning Purposes -- 4.2.1 Graph Representation -- 4.2.2 Cell Decomposition -- Accurate Decomposition to Cells -- Approximate Decomposition to Cells -- 4.2.3 Roadmap -- Visibility Graph -- Voronoi Graph -- Triangulation -- 4.2.4 Potential Field -- 4.2.5 Sampling-Based Path-Planning -- RRT Method -- PRM Method -- 4.3 Simple Path Planning Algorithms:Bug Algorithms -- 4.3.1 Bug0 Algorithm -- 4.3.2 Bug1 Algorithm -- 4.3.3 Bug2 Algorithm -- 4.4 Graph-Based Path Planning Methods -- 4.4.1 Breadth-First Search -- 4.4.2 Depth-First Search -- 4.4.3 Iterative Deepening Depth-First Search -- 4.4.4 Dijkstra's Algorithm -- 4.4.5 A∗ Algorithm -- 4.4.6 Greedy Best-First Search -- References -- Chapter 5: Sensors Used in Mobile Systems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Coordinate Frame Transformations -- 5.2.1 Orientation and Rotation -- 5.2.2 Translation and Rotation…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…. -- 4.2.2.2 Sargassum sp. -- 4.3 Biomaterials and Bioproducts from Macroalgae -- 4.4 Biofuels from Macroalgae -- 4.4.1 Biogas -- 4.4.2 Biohydrogen -- 4.4.3 Biohythane -- 4.4.4 Bioethanol and biobutanol -- 4.4.4.1 Acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation -- 4.4.4.2 Biobutanol -- 4.4.4.3 Bioethanol -- 4.5 Macroalgal Biorefineries -- 4.5.1 Biorefinery concepts -- 4.5.2 Key processes -- 4.5.2.1 Anaerobic digestion -- 4.5.2.2 Reactor design -- 4.5.3 Key challenges of macroalgal biorefineries -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- Part 2: Algae-Based Wastewater Treatment -- Chapter 5 : Wastewater treatment by microalgae-based processes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Current Status of Microalgae-Related Wastewater Treatment Processes -- 5.2.1 Biology of microalgae-bacteria consortia -- 5.2.2 Engineering of photobioreactors -- 5.2.3 Harvesting and processing of the biomass -- 5.3 Major Challenges of Microalgae-Related Wastewater Treatment Processes -- 5.3.1 Improvement of biological systems…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…High availability and business continuity for OnDemand Multiplatforms -- 4.1 OnDemand high availability strategies and options -- 4.1.1 High availability: Clustering -- 4.2 Practical procedures for high availability -- 4.2.1 Test case scenario -- 4.2.2 Steps to configure example 1 -- 4.2.3 Steps to configure example 2 -- 4.2.4 HACMP post-configuration procedures -- 4.2.5 Failover tests and results -- 4.3 Business continuity strategies and options -- 4.3.1 Multi-site solutions overview -- 4.3.2 Business continuity configuration examples -- 4.3.3 eRCMF (enterprise Remote Copy Management Facility) -- 4.3.4 Business continuity summary chart -- Chapter 5. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…4.1 MAC Layer and Multiple Access Techniques 83 -- 4.2 Queuing Theory 87 -- 4.2.1 Statistical Multiplexing of Packets 87 -- 4.2.2 Queuing Models 92 -- 4.3 Concluding Remarks 106 -- 4.3.1 How Congestion Happens in Tactical Wireless Networks 106 -- 4.3.2 Historical Perspective 107 -- 4.3.3 Remarks Regarding the First Part of the Book 108 -- Bibliography 110 -- Part II THE EVOLUTION OF TACTICAL RADIOS -- 5 Non-IP Tactical Radios and the Move toward IP 113 -- 5.1 Multistep Evolution to the Global Information Grid 113 -- 5.2 Link-16 Waveform 114 -- 5.2.1 Link-16 Messages 119 -- 5.2.2 Link Layer Operations of Link-16 120 -- 5.2.3 JTIDS/LINK-16 Modulation and Coding 120 -- 5.2.4 Enhancements to Link-16 126 -- 5.2.5 Concluding Remarks on Link-16 Waveform 129 -- 5.3 EPLRS Waveform 130 -- 5.4 SINCGARS Waveform 131 -- 5.5 Tactical Internet (TI) 131 -- 5.6 IP Gateways 136 -- 5.6.1 Throughput Efficiency 136 -- 5.6.2 End-to-End Packet Loss 137 -- 5.7 Concluding Remarks 137 -- 5.7.1 What Comes after the GIG? …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Intro -- Preface -- Organisation -- Communication in Automation - KommA 2020 -- Conference Chairs -- Program Committee -- Organising Committee -- Organisation -- Image Processing in Automation - BVAu 2020 -- Conference Chair -- Program Committee -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- Contributors -- Part I Communication in Automation -- A Remote Attack Tool Against Siemens S7-300 Controllers: A Practical Report -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 3 Experimental Set-up -- 3.1 The Physical Process to Be Controlled -- 3.2 Hardware Equipment -- 3.3 Attacker Model and Attack Surface -- 4 Attack Details, Implementation and Results -- 4.1 Reconnaissance Attack -- 4.2 Scanning the PLC In-depth -- 4.3 Authentication Bypass Attack -- 4.4 Replay Attacks -- 4.4.1 Set/Update the password of PLCs -- 4.4.2 Clear PLC's Memory Blocks -- 4.4.3 Start/Stop the PLC -- 4.5 Control Hijacking Attack -- 5 Possible Mitigation Solutions -- 6 Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- Konzept und Implementierung einer kommunikationsgetriebenen Verwaltungsschale auf effizienten Geräten in Industrie 4.0 Kommunikationssystemen -- 1 Einleitung -- 2 Industrieller Use Case -- 3 Stand der Technik -- 3.1 Time-sensitive Networking -- 3.2 OPC UA -- 4 Related Work -- 4.1 Administration Shell -- 4.2 OPC UA und TSN -- 5 Konzept und Implementierung -- 5.1 Konzept Communication Administration Shell -- 5.2 Implementierung der CAS und Datenservices für Produktionsgeräte -- 5.3 Integration in industriellen Use Case -- 6 Validierung -- 7 Fazit -- Literatur -- Device Management in Industrial IoT -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Aufgaben von und Anforderungen an IoT Gerätemanagement -- 2.1 Gruppe 1: Bereitstellung und Registrierung -- 2.2 Gruppe 2: Konfiguration und Steuerung -- 2.3 Gruppe 3: Aktualisierung und Wartung -- 2.4 Gruppe 4: Monitoring und Diagnose -- 2.5 Gruppe 5: Hilfsfunktionen…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…11.3.2 Employment History -- 11.3.3 Credit History -- 11.4 Alternative Methods of Background Review -- 11.4.1 References -- 11.4.2 Consultative Services -- 11.4.3 The Polygraph Test -- 11.5 Comprehensive Background Report -- 11.6 Conclusion -- Notes -- 12: The Security Office: Administrative Issues -- 12.1 Some General Principles of Office Administration -- 12.2 Timekeeping Methods -- 12.3 The Value of Administrative Documents -- 12.3.1 Software Considerations -- 12.4 Filing Systems -- 12.4.1 Setup and Maintenance -- 12.4.2 Tickler Files -- 12.4.3 Software Considerations -- 12.5 Billing -- 12.5.1 Software Considerations -- 12.6 Conclusion -- Notes -- Index…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…. -- 6.4.2.2 Die strafende Obrigkeit: Der Stadtrat von Straßburg -- 6.4.2.3 Die lokale Obrigkeit: Der Stadtrat von Rottweil -- 6.4.2.4 Der bischöfliche Ordinarius von Konstanz -- 6.4.3 Verfahrensschritte -- 6.4.3.1 Lokales ›Vorverfahren‹: Totschlag Vergleich -- Vergleichsvertrag -- Gründe und Folgen des Ehrverlusts -- 6.4.3.2 Ehrrestitutionsverfahren am RHR -- 6.4.4 Kommunikatives Vorgehen -- Erste Supplik -- Allegationen -- Zweite Supplik -- Absolutionsbrief -- 6.4.5 Wissensbestände und Wertvorstellungen -- 6.4.6 Zusammenfassung…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…-- 2.5 Blockchain with artificial intelligence: challenges, opportunities, and solutions for the 6G internet of things -- 2.6 Discussion -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 A simple online payment system using blockchain technology -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Objectives -- 3.2 Research and design -- 3.2.1 Blockchain technology and its application on online payment systems -- 3.2.2 Designing the architecture of the online payment system -- 3.2.3 Integration of the Metamask API into the online payment system using Python -- 3.2.4 User interface design of the proposed system -- 3.3 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Efficient spam email classification logistic regression model trained by modified social network search algorithm -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Background and literature review -- 4.2.1 Logistic regression -- 4.2.2 Metaheuristic optimization -- 4.3 Proposed hybrid metaheuristics -- 4.3.1 Introduced social network search algorithm -- 4.3.2 Novel initialization scheme…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Public Relations and Related Disciplines -- 4.1 Learning Outcomes -- 4.2 Introduction -- 4.3 What is Marketing? -- 4.3.1 The 7 Ps of Marketing -- 4.4 What is Advertising? …”

Tabla de Contenidos:

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Front Cover -- Human Recognition in Unconstrained Environments -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Editor Biographies -- Foreword -- 1 Unconstrained Data Acquisition Frameworks and Protocols -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Unconstrained Biometric Data Acquisition Modalities -- 1.3 Typical Challenges -- 1.3.1 Optical Constraints -- 1.3.2 Non-comprehensive View of the Scene -- 1.3.3 Out-of-Focus -- 1.3.4 Calibration of Multi-camera Systems -- 1.4 Unconstrained Biometric Data Acquisition Systems -- 1.4.1 Low Resolutions Systems -- 1.4.2 PTZ-Based Systems -- 1.4.3 Face -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Face Recognition Using an Outdoor Camera Network -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Taxonomy of Camera Networks -- 2.2.1 Static Camera Networks -- 2.2.2 Active Camera Networks -- 2.2.3 Characteristics of Camera Networks -- 2.3 Face Association in Camera Networks -- 2.3.1 Face-to-Face Association -- 2.3.2 Face-to-Person Association -- 2.4 Face Recognition in Outdoor Environment -- 2.4.1 Robust Descriptors for Face Recognition -- 2.4.2 Video-Based Face Recognition -- 2.4.3 Multi-view and 3D Face Recognition -- 2.4.4 Face Recognition with Context Information -- 2.4.5 Incremental Learning of Face Recognition -- 2.5 Outdoor Camera Systems -- 2.5.1 Static Camera Approach -- 2.5.2 Single PTZ Camera Approach -- 2.5.3 Master and Slave Camera Approach -- 2.5.4 Distributed Active Camera Networks -- 2.6 Remaining Challenges and Emerging Techniques -- 2.7 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Real Time 3D Face-Ear Recognition on Mobile Devices: New Scenarios for 3D Biometrics "in-the-Wild -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 3D Capture of Face and Ear: CURRENT Methods and Suitable Options -- 3.2.1 Laser Scanners -- 3.2.2 Structured Light Scanners -- 3.2.3 Stereophotogrammetry -- 3.3 Mobile Devices for Ubiquitous Face-Ear Recognition…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Faraday-Lenz law -- 4.3.2. Terminology and classification of induction phenomena -- 4.3.3. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…List of Figures xv -- List of Tables xxiii -- List of Abbreviations and Symbols xxv -- 1 Introduction. 1 -- 1.1 Motivation . 1 -- 1.2 Scope and objective. 5 -- 1.3 Contribution to the current state of research. 6 -- 1.4 Outline of this dissertation 8 -- 2 Current state of research 9 -- 2.1 Definition of hybrid materials 9 -- 2.2 Composite materials . 14 -- 2.2.1 Definition and fundamentals 14 -- 2.2.2 Basic mechanisms of fibrous reinforcement. 16 -- 2.3 Sheet moulding compound composites. 21 -- 2.3.1 Definition and terminology delimitation 21 -- 2.3.2 Discontinuous SMC composites 21 -- 2.3.3 Continuous SMC composites 57 -- 2.4 Hybrid composites . 61 -- 2.4.1 Definition, motivation and development -- of hybrid composites . 62 -- 2.4.2 Evaluation of hybridisation effects . 65 -- 2.4.3 Existing concepts of hybrid SMC . 68 -- 2.5 Research questions . 82 -- 3 Materials and specimen geometries 85 -- 3.1 Manufacturing of SMC composites 85 -- 3.1.1 Composition of resin systems . 85 -- 3.1.2 Manufacturing of semi-finished sheets 87 -- 3.1.3 Manufacturing of compression moulded sheets . 89 -- 3.1.4 Manufacturing of pure resin sheets 92 -- 3.1.5 Manufacturing of demonstrator part 93 -- 3.2 Specimen preparation and geometry 94 -- 3.2.1 Water-jet cutting and milling 94 -- 3.2.2 End tabs. 95 -- 3.2.3 Specimen geometries . 95 -- 4 Experimental setups, procedures and data evaluation 103 -- 4.1 Characterisation strategy 103 -- 4.2 Characterisation at the coupon level 105 -- 4.2.1 Microstructural characterisation 105 -- 4.2.2 Macrostructural characterisation . 106 -- 4.3 Characterisation at the structure level. 114 -- 4.3.1 Quasi-static puncture testing 114 -- 4.3.2 Dynamic puncture testing . 116 -- 4.4 Characterisation at the component level 118 -- 4.5 Data evaluation . 121 -- 5 Analytical modelling 123 -- 5.1 Description of modelling approach 123 -- 5.2 Micromechanics and homogenisation methods . 124 -- 5.2.1 Fundamentals of homogenisation 124 -- 5.2.2 Analytical modelling of fibre reinforced polymers 128 -- 5.3 Classical laminate theory 133 -- 5.3.1 Macromechanical characterisation of a lamina . 134 -- 5.3.2 Macromechanical characterisation of a laminate. 134 -- 5.4 Analytical modelling of hybrid composites 138 -- 5.4.1 Rule of hybrid mixtures 139 -- 5.4.2 Tensile and flexural modulus based on classical laminate theory . 140 -- 6 Results . 143 -- 6.1 Evaluation of testing methods and preliminary studies . 143 -- 6.1.1 Tensile properties of discontinuous SMC composites . 144 -- 6.1.2 Tensile properties of continuous SMC composites 150 -- 6.1.3 Flexural properties of SMC composites . 152 -- 6.2 Microstructural analysis . 158 -- 6.2.1 Fibre volume content . 158 -- 6.2.2 Fibre orientation distribution 164 -- 6.2.3 Interface of continuous-discontinuous SMC 173 -- 6.3 Mechanical properties and failure at the coupon level . 176 -- 6.3.1 Tensile and compressive properties of -- polyester-polyurethane hybrid resin . 176 -- 6.3.2 Process-induced material properties of -- discontinuous glass fibre SMC 179 -- 6.3.3 In-plane loading of SMC composites 190 -- 6.3.4 Out-of-plane loading of SMC composites . 229 -- 6.4 Mechanical properties and failure at the structure level . 237 -- 6.4.1 Puncture properties of discontinuous glass fibre SMC 238 -- 6.4.2 Puncture properties of continuous carbon fibre SMC . 248 -- 6.4.3 Puncture properties of continuous-discontinuous glass/carbon fibre SMC 256 -- 6.5 Mechanical properties and failure at the component level . 268 -- 6.6 Analytical stiffness prediction 271 -- 6.6.1 Analytical stiffness prediction of discontinuous glass fibre SMC 272 -- 6.6.2 Analytical stiffness prediction of continuous carbon fibre SMC . 277 -- 6.6.3 Analytical stiffness prediction of continuous-discontinuous glass/carbon fibre SMC 279 -- 7 Discussion. 283 -- 7.1 Testing methodology and preliminary studies 283 -- 7.2 Material behaviour of unsaturated polyester-polyurethane two-step curing hybrid resin system 285 -- 7.3 Discontinuous glass fibre SMC . 287 -- 7.3.1 Microstructural aspects of discontinuous glass fibre SMC 287 -- 7.3.2 Mechanical behaviour and damage evolution of discontinuous glass fibre SMC . 291 -- 7.4 Continuous carbon fibre SMC 301 -- 7.4.1 Microstructural aspects of continuous carbon fibre SMC . 301 -- 7.4.2 Mechanical behaviour and damage evolution of continuous carbon fibre SMC 302 -- 7.5 Continuous-discontinuous glass/carbon fibre SMC 308 -- 7.5.1 Microstructural aspects of continuous-discontinuous glass/carbon fibre SMC 308 -- 7.5.2 Mechanical properties, damage evolution and hybridisation effect 310 -- 8 Final remarks . 347 -- 8.1 Summary . 347 -- 8.2 Conclusion . 356 -- Bibliography 361 -- A Appendix 403 -- A.1 Influence of subset size and step size . 403 -- A.2 Influence of edge preparation 405 -- A.3 Tensile properties of discontinuous glass fibre SMC (2D) . 406 -- A.4 Tensile properties of discontinuous glass fibre SMC (1D) . 407 -- A.5 Compressive properties of discontinuous glass fibre SMC . 408 -- A.6 Tensile and compressive properties of continuous carbon fibre SMC . 409 -- A.7 Flexural properties of continuous carbon fibre SMC. 410 -- A.8 Flexural properties of continuous-discontinuous glass/carbon fibre SMC . 411 -- A.9 Classical laminate theory: calculations 412.…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Inverted Load Modulation -- 1.4.3. Direct Matching at the First Peak Efficiency Point -- 1.4.3.1. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Efficacité de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée, 1998 -- 4.3.2. Abaisser les seuils d'assujettissement -- 4.3.3. …”