Tabla de Contenidos: “…Relative Toxicity of Different Forms of Arsenic -- Induction of Mutations and Chromosomal Abberations -- Alterations in Signal Transduction, Cell-Cycle Control, Differentiation, and Apoptosis -- Cell Signaling -- Apoptosis, Cytotoxicity, and Anticancer Activity -- Induction of Oxidative Stress -- Alterations in Gene Expression -- Resistance and Tolerance to Arsenic Cytotoxicity -- Implications of Mode-of-Action Studies of Arsenic in Drinking Water to Human Carcinogenesis -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Variability and Uncertainty -- VARIABILITY VERSUS UNCERTAINTY -- VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTIES DISCUSSED IN THE 1999 REPORT -- SOURCES OF VARIABILITY -- Exposure -- Per Capita Water Consumption -- Water Consumption in the U.S. Population -- Water Consumption in the Taiwanese Study Population -- Consideration of Infants and Children -- Susceptibility from Exposure Differences -- Intrinsic Susceptibility -- Variability in Arsenic Metabolism -- Genetic Polymorphisms Related to Arsenic Metabolism -- Population Variations in Arsenic Metabolism -- Interindividual Variation in Arsenic Metabolism -- Effect of Dose on Arsenic Methylation -- Effect of Other Chemicals on Arsenic Methylation -- Metabolic Variability, Tissue Retention, and Health Effects -- SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY -- Dose Metrics and Model Uncertainty -- Exposure to Arsenic in Food and Effect of Diet and Nutrition -- Other Uncertainties -- VALUE-OF-INFORMATION APPROACH -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Quantitative Assessment of Risks Using Modeling Approaches -- OVERVIEW OF THE SCIENCE UNDERLYING EPA'S 2001 PROPOSED REGULATION -- Hazard Identification -- Choice of End Point -- Dose-Response Modeling -- Model Choice and Selection of a Comparison Group -- Adjustments for Water Intake -- Adjustments for Dietary Intake of Arsenic…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY -- ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS -- Multifactorial Causality -- Measurement of Exposure and Extrapolation to Humans -- 3 Food Animals as Sentinels -- DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- U.S. Department of Agriculture -- Food Safety and Inspection Service -- National Animal Health Monitoring System -- Market Cattle Identification Program -- Food and Drug Administration -- Shellfish Monitoring Programs -- The National Animal Poison Information Network -- Outbreak Investigation -- Methyl Mercury in Fish -- Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Chickens -- Polybrominated Biphenyls in Cattle -- ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- Sheep and Heavy Metals -- Cattle and Heavy Metals -- Cattle and Fluoride -- SUMMARY -- 4 Companion Animals as Sentinels -- DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- Veterinary Medicine Data Program -- Poison-Control Centers -- ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- Canine Mesothelioma and Asbestos Exposure -- Canine Bladder Cancer and Insecticide Exposure -- Lead Poisoning -- Breast Cancer in Dogs -- Diet and Risk of Breast Cancer -- Diet and Survival with Breast Cancer -- Birds and Polytetrafluoroethylene Exposure -- Low-Level Radiation and Cancer -- Cancer in Vietnam-Service Dogs -- Animal Neoplasm Registry -- SUMMARY -- 5 Fish and Other Wildlife as Sentinels -- DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- National Programs -- National Status and Trends Program -- Mussel Watch -- National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program -- Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals -- Penrose Laboratory of Comparative Pathology -- Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report -- State/Regional/Local Programs -- Great Lakes -- Chesapeake Bay -- Puget Sound -- Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary -- ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- Initial Identification of Hazardous Agents…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations -- Copyright -- Other Recent Reports of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology -- Preface -- Contents -- Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations -- Executive Summary -- CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE AND STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- CONCLUSIONS -- Sensitive Populations -- Quantitative Methods for Analysis -- Exposure -- Sources and Accumulation -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Sensitive Populations -- Quantitative Methods for Analysis -- Exposure -- Sources and Accumulation -- Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations -- 1 Introduction -- PERSPECTIVE ON ISSUES -- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- Beginning of Public-Health Interest in Lead -- History of U.S. Childhood Lead-Screening Programs -- Sensitive Populations -- SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE COMMITTEE REPORT -- 2 Adverse Health Effects of Exposure to Lead -- CLINICAL INTOXICATION IN CHILDREN -- Central Nervous System Effects -- Renal Effects -- Hematologic Effects -- INTOXICATION IN ADULTS -- Central Nervous System and Other Neuropathic Effects -- Renal Effects -- Hematologic Effects -- REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS -- Reproductive and Early Developmental Toxicity -- Cognitive and Other Neurobehavioral Effects -- Prospective Longitudinal Studies -- Cross-sectional and Retrospective Studies -- CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS -- Hypertension and Pregnancy -- Animal Models of Lead and Blood Pressure -- Population-Based Epidemiology Studies -- MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY -- Effects on Heme Biosynthesis and Erythropoiesis -- Effects on Vitamin D and Calcium Metabolism -- Carcinogensis -- Nephropathy -- SUMMARY -- 3 Lead Exposure of Sensitive Populations -- HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF ANTHROPOGENIC LEAD CONTAMINATION -- SOURCE-SPECIFIC LEAD EXPOSURE OF SENSITIVE POPULATIONS…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…Arsenic in Drinking Water -- Copyright -- Other Reports of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- THE CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S EVALUATION -- Health Effects -- Recommendations -- Disposition (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) -- Recommendations -- Mechanism or Mode of Action -- Recommendations -- Variation in Human Sensitivity -- Recommendations -- Other Considerations -- Recommendations -- RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Recommendations -- 1 Introduction -- BACKGROUND -- SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES -- ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 1988 Risk Assessment for Arsenic -- OVERVIEW OF THE EPA 1988 SPECIAL REPORT -- Hazard Identification -- Dose-Response Assessment -- Nutritional Essentiality -- EPA'S 1988 RISK ASSESSMENT: 10 YEARS LATER -- Data Limitations -- Estimating Risk in the United States -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 3 Chemistry and Analysis of Arsenic Species in Water, Food, Urine, Blood, Hair, and Nails -- SUMMARY OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER AND FOOD -- RELEVANT CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- Is Arsenic Similar to Phosphorus? …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…THE FUNDING OF YOUNG INVESTIGATORS IN THE BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES -- Copyright -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THIS STUDY -- YOUNG INVESTIGATORS AND THE SCIENTIFIC "PIPELINE -- YOUNG INVESTIGATORS: FINDING RESOURCES FOR AN INDEPENDENT RESEARCH CAREER -- GENERAL CONCLUSIONS -- PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SUPPORT FOR YOUNG INVESTIGATORS -- DIFFERENCES IN FUNDING FOR BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- FEDERAL EXTRAMURAL FUNDING OF NEWLY INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATORS IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- National Institutes of Health -- National Science Foundation -- Locally Administered Funds -- U.S. Department of Agriculture -- NONFEDERAL FUNDING OF NEWLY INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATORS IN THE LIFESCIENCES -- Industrial Funding -- Philanthropic Funding -- Voluntary Health Organization Funding -- University Support -- SUPPORT FOR NEWLY INDEPENDENT FEMALE INVESTIGATORS AND UNDERREPRESENTED MINORITY GROUPS IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- 1 INTRODUCTION: NEWLY INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATORS IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- 2 EXTRAMURAL FUNDING OF NEWLY INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATORS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH -- OVERVIEW OF FEDERAL SUPPORT OF LIFE-SCIENCE RESEARCH -- FEDERAL FUNDING OF BASIC BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH -- GRANTING VEHICLES -- FUNDING ENVIRONMENT -- NONFEDERAL FUNDING AND MECHANISMS OF SUPPORT OF LIFE-SCIENCE RESEARCH -- INDUSTRY -- PHILANTHROPY -- Young Investigator Programs -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute -- VOLUNTARY HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS -- ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS -- 3 EXTRAMURAL FUNDING OF NEWLY INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATORS IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE -- OVERVIEW OF FUNDING OF THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES -- FEDERAL FUNDING OF BASIC BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH -- U.S. …”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…WARNER NORTH: RELATIONSHIP OF WORKSHOP TO NRC'S 1983 RED BOOK REPORT -- MICHAEL SLIMAK: U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ACTIVITIES IN ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT -- Appendix E Case Studies and Commentaries -- CASE STUDY 1: TRIBUTYLTIN RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES -- Discussion -- CASE STUDY 2: ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR TERRESTRIAL WILDLIFE EXPOSED TO AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS -- Discussion -- CASE STUDY 3A: MODELS OF TOXIC CHEMICALS IN THE GREAT LAKES: STRUCTURE, APPLICATIONS, AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS -- CASE STUDY 3B: ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF TCDD AND TCDF -- Discussion -- CASE STUDY 4: RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS IN ANIMAL POPULATIONS: THE NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL AS AN EXAMPLE -- Discussion -- CASE STUDY 5: ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS AND RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF EXOTIC SPECIES FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF A... -- Discussion -- CASE STUDY 1: UNCERTAINTY AND RISK IN AN EXPLOITED ECOSYSTEM: A CASE STUDY OF GEORGES BANK -- Discussion -- Appendix F Breakout Sessions -- HAZARD IDENTIFICATION -- Generic Issues -- Analysis of Case Studies -- DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT -- Aspects of An Adequate Stress-Response Analysis for Ecological Risk Assessment -- Selection of End Points -- Consideration of Nonlinearities And Discontinuities -- Expression of Uncertainty…”

Tabla de Contenidos: “…-- It Is the Safest of Times -- It Is the Riskiest of Times -- Understanding the Conflict -- CHANGES IN THE NATURE OF HAZARDS AND IN KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THEM -- Increased Understanding of Human Influence on Hazards -- Worsening Worst Cases -- Unintended Side Effects -- Changing Portfolio of Hazards -- CHANGES IN U.S. SOCIETY -- Increasing Affluence -- Increasing Dependence of the Economy on Technology -- Distrust of Institutions -- The Environmental Movement -- New Public Institutions -- POLITICIZATION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL DEBATE -- Concepts of Regulation -- Tort Law -- Regulatory Procedures -- Politically Potent Symbolic Events -- Increased Focus on Science in Technological Debates -- Institutionalization of Scientific Conflict -- IMPLICATIONS OF CONFLICT FOR COMMUNICATION -- Differential Knowledge -- Vested Interests -- Value Differences -- Mistrust of Expert Knowledge as Interest Serving -- Note for Risk Message Designers -- NOTES -- 4 Purposes of Risk Communication and Risk Messages -- SETTINGS OF RISK COMMUNICATION -- Public Debate -- Personal Action -- INFORMATION AND INFLUENCE: THE PURPOSES OF RISK MESSAGES -- Information -- Influence -- Highlighting Facts -- "Framing" Information and Decisions -- Risk Comparisons -- Persuasive Use of Facts -- Appeals to Authority -- Appeals to Emotion -- USE OF INFLUENCE TECHNIQUES IN RISK COMMUNICATION -- Achieving Balance -- Achieving Influence -- Influence and Personal Action…”