Plastics Packaging : properties, processing, applications, and regulation

Plastics Packaging properties, processing, applications, and regulation

Detalles Bibliográficos
Otros Autores: Selke, Susan E.M., autor (autor), Culter, John D., autor, Auras, Rafael A., autor, Rabnawaz, Muhammad, autor
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: München : Hanser [2021]
Edición:4th edition
Materias:
Polímeros
Envases.
Plásticos
Ver en Universidad de Navarra:https://unika.unav.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991004248189708016&context=L&vid=34UNAV_INST:VU1&search_scope=34UNAV_TODO&tab=34UNAV_TODO&lang=es
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Intro
  • Preface
  • Content
  • 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Historic Note
  • 1.2 Role of Plastics in Packaging
  • 1.3 Book Structure
  • 1.4 References
  • 2 Basic Concepts and Definitions
  • 2.1 Terminology
  • 2.1.1 Macromolecule
  • 2.1.2 Polymer
  • 2.1.3 Plastic
  • 2.1.4 Monomer
  • 2.1.5 Constitutional Unit
  • 2.1.6 Homopolymer
  • 2.1.7 Copolymer
  • 2.2 Polymer Nomenclature
  • 2.3 Interatomic and Intermolecular Forces in Polymers
  • 2.3.1 Interatomic Forces
  • 2.3.1.1 Covalent Bonds
  • 2.3.1.2 Ionic Bonds
  • 2.3.2 Intermolecular and Intramolecular Forces
  • 2.3.2.1 Dispersion Forces
  • 2.3.2.2 Induction Forces
  • 2.3.2.3 Dipole Forces
  • 2.3.2.4 Hydrogen Bonds
  • 2.4 Properties Determined by Chemical Composition
  • 2.5 Categorization of Plastics
  • 2.6 References
  • Study Questions
  • 3 Polymer Structure and Properties
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Molecular Architecture
  • 3.2.1 Linear Polymers
  • 3.2.2 Branched Polymers
  • 3.2.3 Cross-Linked Polymers
  • 3.3 Copolymer Structure
  • 3.3.1 Random Copolymers
  • 3.3.2 Alternating Copolymers
  • 3.3.3 Block Copolymers
  • 3.3.4 Graft Copolymers
  • 3.3.5 Combinations of Copolymer Types
  • 3.4 Chain Polymerization, Addition Polymers
  • 3.4.1 Addition or Chain Polymerization Mechanism
  • 3.4.2 Vinyl Polymers
  • 3.4.3 Free-Radical Polymerization
  • 3.4.3.1 Initiation
  • 3.4.3.2 Propagation
  • 3.4.3.3 Termination
  • 3.4.4 Polyethylene Polymerization Processes
  • 3.4.5 Other Addition Polymerization Mechanisms
  • 3.5 Molecular Configuration and Conformation
  • 3.6 Head-to-Head and Head-to-Tail
  • 3.6.1 Configurations of Vinyl Polymers
  • 3.7 Stereochemistry
  • 3.8 Step Polymerization, Condensation Polymers
  • 3.9 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution
  • 3.9.1 Degree of Polymerization
  • 3.9.2 Molecular Mass (Weight) and Molecular Weight Distribution
  • 3.9.3 Number Average Molecular Weight.
  • 3.9.4 Weight Average Molecular Weight
  • 3.9.5 Other Molecular Weight Averages
  • 3.9.6 Determination of MWD
  • 3.9.7 Effect of Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution on Flow and Mechanical Properties
  • 3.10 Polymer Morphology
  • 3.10.1 Crystallinity
  • 3.10.2 Polymer Orientation
  • 3.10.3 Degree of Crystallinity
  • 3.11 Thermal Properties
  • 3.11.1 Melting Temperature
  • 3.11.2 Glass Transition Temperature
  • 3.11.2.1 Measuring Tg
  • 3.11.2.2 Variables Affecting Tg
  • 3.11.3 Other Thermal Transitions
  • 3.11.4 Heat Capacity
  • 3.11.5 Heat of Fusion
  • 3.11.6 Thermal Conductivity
  • 3.11.7 Thermal Expansion Coefficient
  • 3.11.8 Other Dimensional Changes
  • 3.11.9 Dimensional Stability
  • 3.12 Mechanical Properties
  • 3.12.1 Tensile Properties
  • 3.12.2 Tear Strength
  • 3.12.3 Impact and Bursting Strength
  • 3.12.4 Other Mechanical Properties
  • 3.13 Barrier Properties
  • 3.13.1 Diffusion Coefficient
  • 3.13.2 Solubility Coefficient
  • 3.13.3 Permeability Coefficient
  • 3.14 Surfaces and Adhesion
  • 3.14.1 Surface Tension
  • 3.14.2 Wettability
  • 3.14.3 Adhesive Bond Strength
  • 3.14.4 Cohesive Bond Strength
  • 3.14.5 Blocking
  • 3.14.6 Friction
  • 3.14.7 Heat Sealing
  • 3.15 Optical Characteristics
  • 3.15.1 Gloss
  • 3.15.2 Haze
  • 3.15.3 Transparency and Opacity
  • 3.16 Electrical Properties
  • 3.17 Plastics Identification Using IR Spectrophotometry
  • 3.18 References
  • Study Questions
  • 4 Major Plastics in Packaging
  • 4.1 Branched Polyethylenes
  • 4.1.1 Low Density Polyethylene
  • 4.1.2 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)
  • 4.1.3 Ethylene Acrylic Acid (EAA)
  • 4.1.4 Ionomers
  • 4.2 Linear Polyethylenes
  • 4.2.1 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
  • 4.2.2 Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)
  • 4.2.3 Metallocene Polymers
  • 4.2.4 Property Trends in the Polyethylene Family
  • 4.3 Polypropylene (PP)
  • 4.3.1 PP Homopolymer.
  • 4.3.2 Random Copolymer Polypropylene
  • 4.4 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
  • 4.5 Vinylidene Chloride Copolymers (PVDC)
  • 4.6 Polystyrene (PS)
  • 4.7 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH) and Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol (EVOH)
  • 4.7.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol
  • 4.7.2 Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol
  • 4.8 Nylon
  • 4.9 Polyester
  • 4.9.1 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
  • 4.9.2 Glycol Modified PET, Other PET Copolymers, and PET Blends
  • 4.9.3 Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN)
  • 4.10 Polycarbonate (PC)
  • 4.11 Fluoropolymers
  • 4.12 Styrene-Butadiene Copolymers
  • 4.13 Acrylonitrile Copolymers
  • 4.14 Cyclic Olefin Copolymers
  • 4.15 Liquid Crystal Polymers
  • 4.16 Conductive Polymers
  • 4.17 Thermoplastic Elastomers
  • 4.18 Biobased Plastics
  • 4.18.1 Cellophane
  • 4.18.2 Cellulosic Plastics
  • 4.18.3 Starch-Based Plastics
  • 4.18.4 Poly(Lactic Acid) - PLA
  • 4.18.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
  • 4.18.6 Biobased Polyolefins
  • 4.18.7 Biobased PET
  • 4.18.8 Other Biobased Plastics
  • 4.19 Thermosets
  • 4.20 Polymer Blends
  • 4.21 Comparison Chart of Major Plastics
  • 4.22 References
  • Study Questions
  • 5 Additives and Compounding
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Compounding
  • 5.3 Antioxidants
  • 5.4 Heat Stabilizers
  • 5.5 UV Stabilizers
  • 5.6 Additives to Modify Surface Attractions
  • 5.6.1 Antiblocking Agents
  • 5.6.2 Slip Agents
  • 5.6.3 Antislip Agents
  • 5.6.4 Lubricants
  • 5.6.5 Mold Release Agents
  • 5.7 Colorants
  • 5.7.1 Dyes
  • 5.7.2 Organic Pigments
  • 5.7.3 Inorganic Pigments
  • 5.7.4 Specialty Pigments
  • 5.7.5 Colorants and the FDA
  • 5.8 Antifogging Agents
  • 5.9 Nucleating Agents
  • 5.10 Antistatic Agents
  • 5.11 Plasticizers
  • 5.12 Oxygen Scavengers, Desiccants, and Fragrance Enhancers
  • 5.13 Fillers and Reinforcements
  • 5.14 Antimicrobials or Biocides
  • 5.15 Nanoclays and Related Additives
  • 5.16 Other Additives
  • Study Questions
  • 6 Adhesion, Adhesives, and Heat Sealing.
  • 6.1 Adhesion
  • 6.2 Adhesives
  • 6.3 Adhesive and Cohesive Bond Strength
  • 6.3.1 Adhesive Bond Strength
  • 6.3.1.1 Surface Tension
  • 6.3.1.2 Solubility Parameter
  • 6.3.1.3 Viscosity
  • 6.3.1.4 Estimation of Adhesive Bond Strength
  • 6.3.2 Cohesive Bond Strength
  • 6.4 Types of Adhesives
  • 6.4.1 Reactive Adhesives
  • 6.4.2 Hot Melt Adhesives
  • 6.4.3 Solvent-Borne Adhesives
  • 6.4.4 Water-Borne Adhesives
  • 6.4.5 Pressure Sensitive and Remoistenable Adhesives
  • 6.4.6 Cold-Seal Adhesives
  • 6.4.7 UV- and E-Beam Curing
  • 6.5 Application of Adhesives
  • 6.6 Adhesive Terminology
  • 6.7 Adhesive Additives
  • 6.8 Heat Sealing
  • 6.8.1 Sealing Methods
  • 6.8.1.1 Bar or Thermal Sealing
  • 6.8.1.2 Impulse Sealing
  • 6.8.1.3 Band Sealing
  • 6.8.1.4 Hot Wire or Hot Knife Sealing
  • 6.8.1.5 Ultrasonic Sealing
  • 6.8.1.6 Friction Sealing
  • 6.8.1.7 Hot Gas Sealing and Contact Sealing
  • 6.8.1.8 Radiant Sealing
  • 6.8.1.9 Dielectric Sealing
  • 6.8.1.10 Magnetic Sealing
  • 6.8.1.11 Induction Sealing
  • 6.8.1.12 Solvent Sealing
  • 6.8.2 Heat Conduction in Multilayer Flexible Materials
  • 6.8.3 Hot Tack
  • 6.8.4 Heat-Seal Jaws
  • 6.8.5 Heat-Seal Failure Modes
  • 6.8.6 Evaluation of Seals in Flexible Packaging Materials
  • 6.9 References
  • Study Questions
  • 7 Extrusion, Film and Sheet
  • 7.1 Extrusion and Extruders
  • 7.1.1 Hopper and Feed Port
  • 7.1.2 Feed Section
  • 7.1.3 Compression Section
  • 7.1.4 Metering Section
  • 7.1.5 Mixing Devices
  • 7.1.6 Extruder, Screw Design and Size
  • 7.1.7 Dies
  • 7.1.8 Melt Filters
  • 7.1.9 Drive Mechanisms and Screw Speeds
  • 7.1.10 Special Designs
  • 7.1.11 Extrusion Temperatures
  • 7.1.12 Extrusion Pressures
  • 7.1.13 Specific Mechanical Energy
  • 7.2 Cast Film and Sheet
  • 7.2.1 Cold Cast or Chill Roll Cast Process
  • 7.2.2 Roll Stack and Calendering Processes
  • 7.2.3 Quench Tank or Water Bath Process.
  • 7.2.4 Nip Rolls and Winding
  • 7.2.5 Gauge Control
  • 7.2.6 Orientation
  • 7.2.7 Cast Film Dies
  • 7.3 Blown Film
  • 7.3.1 Blown Film Extrusion
  • 7.3.2 Blown Film Dies
  • 7.3.3 Air Rings and Internal Bubble Cooling (IBC)
  • 7.3.4 Collapsing Frames
  • 7.3.5 Nips
  • 7.3.6 Slitting and Winding
  • 7.3.7 Double-Bubble Process
  • 7.4 Stretch and Shrink Wrap
  • 7.4.1 Stretch Wrap
  • 7.4.2 Shrink Wrap
  • 7.5 Film and Sheet Coextrusion
  • 7.6 Surface Treatment
  • 7.7 Yield of Film
  • 7.8 Testing and Evaluation of Films
  • 7.9 References
  • Study Questions
  • 8 Converting, Lamination and Coating
  • 8.1 Extrusion Coating and Laminating
  • 8.2 Hot Melt Lamination or Coating
  • 8.3 Adhesive Lamination
  • 8.4 Thermal Laminating
  • 8.5 Metallized Film
  • 8.6 Silicon Oxide Films
  • 8.7 Other Inorganic Barrier Coatings
  • 8.8 Building Multilayer Structures
  • 8.9 References
  • Study Questions
  • 9 Flexible Packaging
  • 9.1 Characteristics of Flexible Packaging
  • 9.2 Pouch Styles
  • 9.2.1 Pillow Pouches
  • 9.2.2 Three-Side Seal Pouches
  • 9.2.3 Four-Side Seal Pouches
  • 9.2.4 Stand-Up Pouches
  • 9.3 Forming Pouches
  • 9.4 Retort Pouches
  • 9.5 Bulk and Heavy-Duty Bags
  • 9.6 Bag-in-Box
  • 9.6 References
  • Study Questions
  • 10 Thermoforming
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Heating the Sheet
  • 10.2.1 Temperature Selection
  • 10.2.2 Radiative Heating
  • 10.3 Forming the Sheet
  • 10.3.1 Basic Methods
  • 10.3.1.1 Drape Forming
  • 10.3.1.2 Vacuum Forming
  • 10.3.1.3 Pressure Forming
  • 10.3.2 Sheet Deformation
  • 10.3.3 Thermoforming Variations
  • 10.3.3.1 Plug-Assist Thermoforming
  • 10.3.3.2 Solid Phase Pressure Forming
  • 10.3.3.3 Bubble or Billow Forming
  • 10.3.3.4 Vacuum Snap-Back Thermoforming
  • 10.3.3.5 Matched Mold Forming
  • 10.3.3.6 Scrapless Thermoforming
  • 10.3.3.7 In-Line Thermoforming and Melt-to-Mold Thermoforming
  • 10.3.3.8 Twin-Sheet Thermoforming.

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