Coding Video : A Practical Guide to HEVC and Beyond

Coding Video A Practical Guide to HEVC and Beyond

A fully up-to-date guide to transformative consumer technologies Video compression - or video coding - has been at the centre of a revolution in the way video is produced, delivered, and consumed. It has made the switch from analogue to digital video possible and has enabled fundamental shifts in th...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Otros Autores: Richardson, Iain E., author (author)
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Chichester, England : John Wiley & Sons Ltd [2024]
Edición:First edition
Materias:
Video compression.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009852332206719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • About the Author
  • Acknowledgements
  • About the Companion Website
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Why Write This Book?
  • 1.2 What Is in the Book?
  • 1.3 How Should You Use This Book?
  • References
  • Chapter 2 Video Coding and Video Quality
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 An Overview of Video Coding
  • 2.2.1 Just How Much Data Are We Talking About?
  • 2.2.2 Bandwidth Is Increasing Every Year, But…
  • 2.3 Inputs and Outputs
  • 2.3.1 Digital Video
  • 2.3.2 Uncompressed Video Formats
  • 2.3.2.1 Frames, Fields and Pixels
  • 2.3.2.2 Colour and Colour Spaces
  • 2.3.3 Side Information
  • 2.3.4 Coded Video
  • 2.4 Structural Elements
  • 2.5 Prediction
  • 2.5.1 Prediction in a Video Encoder
  • 2.5.2 Prediction in a Video Decoder
  • 2.5.3 Prediction Example
  • 2.5.4 Choosing a Prediction
  • 2.5.5 Inter and Intra Prediction
  • 2.6 Transform and Quantisation
  • 2.6.1 Transform
  • 2.6.2 Quantisation
  • 2.7 Bitstream Coding
  • 2.7.1 Pre-processing
  • 2.7.2 Entropy Encoding
  • 2.8 The Coded Bitstream
  • 2.9 Storing and Transmitting the Coded Bitstream
  • 2.10 The Decoder
  • 2.10.1 Entropy Decoding
  • 2.10.2 Rescaling and Inverse Transform
  • 2.10.3 Reconstruction
  • 2.10.4 Decoder Output
  • 2.11 The Video Codec Model
  • 2.12 Video Codec Performance
  • 2.12.1 Video Quality
  • 2.12.2 Subjective Quality Measurement
  • 2.12.2.1 Factors Influencing Subjective Quality
  • 2.12.2.2 Subjective Quality Assessment Methods
  • 2.12.3 Objective Quality Measurement
  • 2.12.3.1 PSNR
  • 2.12.3.2 Other Objective Quality Metrics
  • 2.13 Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 3 A History of Video Coding and Video Coding Standards
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 The Foundations of Video Coding, 1950-1990
  • 3.2.1 Entropy Coding: 1952-1987
  • 3.2.2 Frame Differencing: 1956-1972
  • 3.2.3 The Discrete Cosine Transform: 1974-1984.
  • 3.2.4 The Development of the Video Codec Model: 1977-1985
  • 3.2.5 Early Advances in Motion-Compensated Prediction: 1989-1995
  • 3.2.5.1 Bidirectional Prediction
  • 3.2.5.2 Variable Block Size Motion Compensation
  • 3.2.5.3 Multiple Reference Frames
  • 3.2.5.4 Motion Compensation with Fractional Pixel Accuracy
  • 3.3 Video Coding Standards and Formats: 1990-2021
  • 3.3.1 How Are the Standards Developed?
  • 3.3.1.1 MPEG and VCEG
  • 3.3.1.2 The Development Process
  • 3.3.1.3 Standards and Intellectual Property Rights
  • 3.3.2 H.120, H.261 and MPEG-1: Early Video Coding Standards
  • 3.3.3 MPEG-2: Digital TV and DVD-Video
  • 3.3.4 H.263 and MPEG-4 Part 2: Internet and Mobile Video
  • 3.3.5 H.264: Multi-Purpose Video Coding
  • 3.3.6 H.265/HEVC
  • 3.3.7 H.266/VVC
  • 3.3.8 Other Standards and Formats
  • 3.3.8.1 VC-1
  • 3.3.8.2 VP8, VP9 and AV1
  • 3.3.8.3 Essential Video Coding and Low-ComplexityEnhancement Video Coding
  • 3.4 Comparing Video Coding Standards
  • 3.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 4 Structures
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.1.1 How Does a Video Codec Use Structures?
  • 4.1.2 Separating a Sequence into Processing Units
  • 4.1.3 Regular or Irregular Structures
  • 4.1.4 Transmission and Access
  • 4.2 Coded Video: Sequence to Picture
  • 4.2.1 Coded Sequence
  • 4.2.2 Coded Frame or Picture
  • 4.2.3 Multi-picture Structures
  • 4.3 Coded Video: Picture to Basic Unit
  • 4.3.1 Basic Units
  • 4.3.2 Slices
  • 4.3.3 Tiles
  • 4.4 Coded Video: Basic Unit to Block
  • 4.4.1 Coding Structures
  • 4.4.2 Prediction Structures
  • 4.4.3 Transform Structures
  • 4.5 HEVC Coding Structures
  • 4.5.1 Coded HEVC Sequence
  • 4.5.2 Parameter Sets
  • 4.5.3 Profiles and Levels
  • 4.5.4 Reference Picture Sets
  • 4.5.5 HEVC Picture Types and Random Access
  • 4.5.5.1 Random Access Picture
  • 4.5.5.2 Examples: RAPs, Trailing and Leading Pictures.
  • 4.5.5.3 Random Access and Error Recovery
  • 4.5.5.4 Bitstream Splicing Operations
  • 4.5.6 HEVC-Coded Pictures
  • 4.5.7 Slices and Slice Segments
  • 4.5.8 Tiles
  • 4.5.9 Combining Slices and Tiles in HEVC
  • 4.5.10 HEVC Structures and Parallel Processing
  • 4.5.10.1 Parallel Decoding Using Tiles
  • 4.5.10.2 Parallel Decoding Using Slices
  • 4.5.10.3 Wavefront Parallel Processing/Parallelising CTU Rows
  • 4.5.11 Coding Tree Units and Coding Units
  • 4.5.11.1 Quantisation Groups
  • 4.5.12 Prediction Units and Transform Units
  • 4.5.12.1 Prediction Unit Structures
  • 4.5.12.2 Transform Unit, Transform Block and Transform Sub-Block
  • 4.5.13 HEVC Structures Example
  • 4.6 Structures in Versatile Video Coding/H.266
  • 4.6.1 Sequence Down to Picture
  • 4.6.2 Picture Down to Coding Unit
  • 4.7 Conclusion
  • Reference
  • Chapter 5 Intra Prediction
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 The Intra Prediction Process
  • 5.3 Intra Prediction Modes
  • 5.3.1 DC Prediction
  • 5.3.2 Planar Prediction
  • 5.3.3 Directional Prediction
  • 5.3.4 Sample Filtering
  • 5.4 Prediction Block Sizes
  • 5.5 Signalling Intra Prediction Choices
  • 5.6 Choosing a Prediction
  • 5.7 HEVC Intra Prediction
  • 5.7.1 HEVC Intra Prediction Modes
  • 5.7.2 HEVC Intra Prediction Filtering
  • 5.7.3 Signalling HEVC Intra Prediction Modes
  • 5.7.3.1 HEVC Luma Prediction Mode Signalling
  • 5.7.3.2 HEVC Chroma Prediction Mode Signalling
  • 5.7.4 HEVC Intra Prediction Examples
  • 5.8 VVC Intra Prediction
  • 5.8.1 Intra Prediction Modes
  • 5.8.2 Intra Prediction of Rectangular Blocks
  • 5.8.3 Intra Interpolation Filters
  • 5.8.4 Cross-Component Prediction
  • 5.8.5 Extra Reference Lines
  • 5.8.6 Intra Sub-Partitions
  • 5.8.7 VVC Intra-coding Performance
  • 5.9 Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 6 Inter Prediction
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Inter Prediction - the Basics.
  • 6.2.1 Motion Vectors for Inter Prediction: The Terminology Problem
  • 6.3 Forward, Backward and Biprediction
  • 6.3.1 Picture or Slice Types
  • 6.3.2 Forward Prediction from Past Frames
  • 6.3.3 Backward Prediction from Future Frames
  • 6.3.4 Biprediction from Two Frames
  • 6.4 Inter Prediction Block Sizes
  • 6.5 Motion Vectors
  • 6.5.1 How Does the Encoder Choose Each Motion Vector?
  • 6.6 Sub-Pixel Interpolation
  • 6.6.1 What Does a Sub-Pixel Interpolated Reference Frame Look Like?
  • 6.6.2 Interpolation Filters
  • 6.6.3 Trade-Offs in Sub-Pixel Interpolation
  • 6.7 Reference Pictures
  • 6.7.1 Reference Pictures for Inter Prediction
  • 6.7.2 Reference Picture Structures
  • 6.7.2.1 Low-Delay Picture Structures
  • 6.7.2.2 Random Access Picture Structures
  • 6.7.3 Reference Picture Buffers
  • 6.7.3.1 Adding Pictures to the Reference Picture Buffer
  • 6.7.3.2 Removing Pictures from the Reference Picture Buffer
  • 6.7.3.3 Ordering Reference Pictures
  • 6.7.3.4 Communicating Reference Picture Structures
  • 6.8 Signalling Inter Prediction Choices
  • 6.8.1 Inter Prediction Parameters
  • 6.8.2 Signalling the Base Motion Vector Parameters
  • 6.8.3 Signalling the Delta Motion Vector Parameters
  • 6.8.4 Signalling Reference Picture Choices
  • 6.9 Skip Mode
  • 6.10 Loop Filter
  • 6.11 When Inter Prediction Does Not Find a Good Match
  • 6.12 HEVC Inter Prediction
  • 6.12.1 Overview
  • 6.12.1.1 HEVC Inter Prediction Example
  • 6.12.2 HEVC Inter prediction Unit Partitioning
  • 6.12.2.1 Slice Types and PU Types
  • 6.12.2.2 Symmetric PU Partitions
  • 6.12.2.3 Asymmetric PU Partitions
  • 6.12.2.4 CU Partitionings into Inter-PUs: Examples
  • 6.12.3 HEVC Inter-PU Coding
  • 6.12.3.1 Skip or Merge Coding
  • 6.12.3.2 Inter-PU Coding: Advanced Motion Vector Prediction
  • 6.12.3.3 HEVC Inter-PU Coding: Examples
  • 6.12.4 HEVC Inter Prediction Sources.
  • 6.12.5 HEVC Biprediction and Weighted Prediction
  • 6.12.6 HEVC Sub-Pixel Interpolation
  • 6.12.6.1 Luma Sample Interpolation
  • 6.12.6.2 Chroma Sample Interpolation
  • 6.12.7 HEVC Reference Pictures
  • 6.13 Inter Prediction in VVC
  • 6.13.1 Inter Prediction Partitions
  • 6.13.2 Extended Merge Mode
  • 6.13.3 Affine Motion-Compensated Prediction
  • 6.13.4 Biprediction Enhancements
  • 6.13.5 Sub-Pixel Interpolated Motion Compensation
  • 6.14 Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 7 Transform and Quantisation
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.1.1 Transform: An Overview
  • 7.1.2 Quantisation: An Overview
  • 7.2 Residual Blocks
  • 7.3 Block Transforms
  • 7.3.1 What Is the Purpose of a Block Transform?
  • 7.3.2 Spatial Frequencies and Basis Patterns
  • 7.3.3 What Does the Transform Do?
  • 7.3.4 Types of Block Transform
  • 7.3.4.1 The Karhunen-Loeve Transform
  • 7.3.5 The Discrete Cosine Transform
  • 7.3.6 The Hadamard Transform
  • 7.3.7 Discrete Sine Transform
  • 7.3.8 The Discrete Cosine Transform in Detail
  • 7.3.9 The Discrete Cosine Transform: What It Means
  • 7.3.10 The Discrete Cosine Transform: Significant Coefficients
  • 7.4 Quantisation
  • 7.4.1 Combining Transform and Quantisation
  • 7.4.2 Designing the Quantiser
  • 7.5 Transform and Quantisation in Practice
  • 7.6 HEVC Transform and Quantisation
  • 7.6.1 Overview of HEVC Transform and Quantisation
  • 7.6.2 The HEVC Transforms
  • 7.6.2.1 DCT-Based Transforms
  • 7.6.2.2 DST-Based Transform
  • 7.6.2.3 The HEVC Forward and Inverse Transform and Quantisation Processes
  • 7.6.3 HEVC Quantisation and Rescaling
  • 7.6.3.1 HEVC QP and Qstep
  • 7.6.3.2 HEVC Forward Quantiser
  • 7.6.3.3 HEVC Rescaling
  • 7.6.3.4 HEVC Quantisation Matrices
  • 7.6.4 Example: The Complete HEVC Transform and Quantise Processes
  • 7.6.4.1 Forward Transform and Quantise
  • 7.6.4.2 Rescale and Inverse Transform.
  • 7.6.5 Bypassing Transform and/or Quantisation in HEVC.

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