Improving risk communication

Improving risk communication

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: National Research Council (U.S.).
Autor Corporativo: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Risk Perception and Communication (-)
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press 1989.
Edición:1st ed
Materias:
Risk communication.
Communication of technical information.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820392806719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • IMPROVING RISK COMMUNICATION
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contents
  • Summary
  • A NEW PERSPECTIVE
  • COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT RISK COMMUNICATION
  • PROBLEMS OF RISK COMMUNICATION
  • Problems Deriving from the Institutional and Political Systems
  • Problems of Risk Communicators and Recipients
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Management of the Process
  • Setting Realistic Goals
  • Safeguarding Openness
  • Safeguarding Balance and Accuracy in Risk Messages
  • Fostering Competence
  • Risk Communication in Crisis Conditions
  • Content of Risk Messages
  • Relating the Message to the Audiences' Perspectives
  • Handling Uncertainty
  • Comparing Risks
  • Ensuring Completeness
  • A Consumer's Guide to Risk and Risk Communication
  • Research Needs
  • 1 Introduction
  • THE NEW INTEREST IN "RISK COMMUNICATION"
  • Requirement for or Desire by Government to Inform
  • Desire to Overcome Opposition to Decisions
  • Desire to Share Power Between Government and Public Groups
  • Desire to Develop Effective Alternatives to Direct Regulatory Control
  • A NEW DEFINITION OF RISK COMMUNICATION
  • RISK MESSAGES AS PART OF THE RISK COMMUNICATION PROCESS
  • SUCCESSFUL RISK COMMUNICATION
  • NOTES
  • 2 Understanding Hazards and Risks
  • TOWARD QUANTIFICATION OF HAZARDS
  • KNOWLEDGE NEEDED FOR RISK DECISIONS
  • Information About the Nature of Risks and Benefits
  • Information on Alternatives
  • Uncertainties in Knowledge About Risks and Benefits
  • Information on Management
  • Other Relevant Knowledge
  • Summary
  • GAPS AND UNCERTAINTIES IN KNOWLEDGE
  • Identification of Hazards
  • Estimation of Exposure
  • Estimation of the Probability of Harm
  • Identification of Synergistic Effects
  • Summary
  • SCIENTIFIC JUDGMENT AND ERRORS IN JUDGMENT
  • Inappropriate Reliance on Limited Data
  • Tendency to Impose Order on Random Events.
  • Tendency to Fit Ambiguous Evidence into Predispositions
  • Tendency to Systematically Omit Components of Risk
  • Overconfidence in the Reliability of Analyses
  • Summary
  • INFLUENCES OF HUMAN VALUES ON KNOWLEDGE ABOUT RISK
  • Choices of Numerical Measures for Risk
  • Values and the Attributes of Hazards
  • IMPLICATIONS FOR RISK COMMUNICATION
  • NOTES
  • 3 Conflict About Hazards and Risks
  • IS RISK INCREASING OR DECREASING?
  • It Is the Safest of Times
  • It Is the Riskiest of Times
  • Understanding the Conflict
  • CHANGES IN THE NATURE OF HAZARDS AND IN KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THEM
  • Increased Understanding of Human Influence on Hazards
  • Worsening Worst Cases
  • Unintended Side Effects
  • Changing Portfolio of Hazards
  • CHANGES IN U.S. SOCIETY
  • Increasing Affluence
  • Increasing Dependence of the Economy on Technology
  • Distrust of Institutions
  • The Environmental Movement
  • New Public Institutions
  • POLITICIZATION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL DEBATE
  • Concepts of Regulation
  • Tort Law
  • Regulatory Procedures
  • Politically Potent Symbolic Events
  • Increased Focus on Science in Technological Debates
  • Institutionalization of Scientific Conflict
  • IMPLICATIONS OF CONFLICT FOR COMMUNICATION
  • Differential Knowledge
  • Vested Interests
  • Value Differences
  • Mistrust of Expert Knowledge as Interest Serving
  • Note for Risk Message Designers
  • NOTES
  • 4 Purposes of Risk Communication and Risk Messages
  • SETTINGS OF RISK COMMUNICATION
  • Public Debate
  • Personal Action
  • INFORMATION AND INFLUENCE: THE PURPOSES OF RISK MESSAGES
  • Information
  • Influence
  • Highlighting Facts
  • "Framing" Information and Decisions
  • Risk Comparisons
  • Persuasive Use of Facts
  • Appeals to Authority
  • Appeals to Emotion
  • USE OF INFLUENCE TECHNIQUES IN RISK COMMUNICATION
  • Achieving Balance
  • Achieving Influence
  • Influence and Personal Action.
  • Influence and Public Debate
  • NOTES
  • 5 Common Misconceptions About Risk Communication
  • EXPECTATIONS REGARDING RISK COMMUNICATION
  • Communication, Conflict, and Management
  • Comparing Risks
  • BELIEFS ABOUT THE FUNCTIONING OF THE PROCESS
  • Adequacy of the Scientific Information Base
  • Agreement as to the Meaning of Existing Information
  • Interpretation of Public Attitudes and Information Needs
  • STEREOTYPES ABOUT INTERMEDIARIES AND RECIPIENTS
  • Journalists and the News Media
  • The Attraction of Decisive Answers
  • NOTE
  • 6 Problems of Risk Communication
  • PROBLEMS DERIVING FROM THE INSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL SYSTEM
  • Legal Considerations
  • Statutory Prescriptions and Proscriptions
  • Liability
  • Informed Consent and Right-to-Know
  • Sharing of Power
  • Fragmentation
  • Dispersion of Responsibility
  • Incentives to Gain Leverage
  • Difficulty in Determining Responsibility for Outcomes
  • Imbalanced Access to Information
  • Systematic Interests and Biases
  • PROBLEMS OF RISK COMMUNICATORS AND RECIPIENTS
  • Establishing and Recognizing Credibility
  • Real or Perceived Advocacy of Unjustified Positions
  • Reputation for Deceit, Misrepresentation, or Coercion
  • Contradiction of Previous Positions
  • Self-Serving Framing of Messages
  • Contradictory Messages from Other Sources
  • Professional Incompetence and Impropriety
  • Legal Standing
  • Justification of Communication Campaigns
  • Access of Affected Parties to the Decision-Making Process
  • Fair Review of Conflicting Claims
  • Making Messages Understandable
  • Unfamiliar Language
  • Unfamiliar Magnitudes
  • Insensitivity to Psychological Needs of the Recipient
  • Preparing Messages with Few Data and No Time
  • Responding in an Emergency
  • Communicating on the Basis of Incomplete Information
  • Capturing and Focusing Attention
  • Stimulating Recipient Interest.
  • Interacting with the News Media and Other Intermediaries
  • Getting Information
  • Authorities Who Do Not Listen or Respond
  • Difficulties in Finding Trusted Sources of Information
  • SUMMARY
  • NOTE
  • 7 Recommendations for Improving Risk Communication
  • MANAGEMENT OF THE PROCESS
  • Setting Realistic Goals
  • Safeguarding Openness
  • Effective Dialogue
  • Early and Sustained Interaction
  • The Empowerment Problem
  • Safeguarding Balance and Accuracy in Risk Messages- Preventing Real and Perceived Distortion
  • Accountability
  • Independent Review
  • Message Preview
  • Written Document
  • Fostering Competence-Making Risk Communication Smarter
  • Assessment of Audience
  • Specialized Talent
  • Scientific/Technical Accuracy and Completeness
  • Evaluation and Feedback
  • Role of Intermediaries
  • Some Notes on Handling Risk Communication in Crisis Conditions
  • THE CONTENT OF RISK MESSAGES
  • Relating the Message to the Audiences' Perspectives
  • Personal Relevance
  • Clarity
  • Respect for the Audience and Its Concerns
  • Use of "Influence Strategies"
  • Handling Uncertainty
  • Comparing Risks
  • Ensuring Completeness
  • A CONSUMER'S GUIDE TO RISK AND RISK COMMUNICATION
  • Project Support
  • Project Management
  • Content of the Guide
  • RESEARCH NEEDS
  • Risk Comparison
  • Risk Characterization
  • Role of Message Intermediaries
  • Pertinency and Sufficiency of Risk Information
  • Psychological Stress
  • Recipients' "Mental Models"
  • Risk Literacy
  • Retrospective Cases
  • Contemporaneous Assessments of Risk Cases
  • Appendixes
  • Appendix A Background Information on Committee Members and Professional Staff
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS
  • PROFESSIONAL STAFF
  • Appendix B Bibliography
  • Appendix C Risk: A Guide to Controversy
  • FOREWORD BY THE COMMITTEE
  • PREFACE
  • CONTENTS
  • I INTRODUCTION
  • USAGE
  • SOME CAUTIONS
  • II THE SCIENCE.
  • WHAT ARE THE BOUNDS OF THE PROBLEM?
  • The Causal Model
  • The Fault Tree
  • Materials and Energy Flow Diagrams
  • A Risk Analysis Checklist
  • WHAT IS THE HARD SCIENCE RELATED TO THE PROBLEM?
  • Judgments of Risk
  • Judgments of Values
  • Refining Common Sense
  • Informing People About Risks
  • Risk-Taking Propensity
  • Protective Behavior
  • ADHERENCE TO ESSENTIAL RULES OF SCIENCE
  • HOW DOES JUDGMENT AFFECT THE RISK ESTIMATION PROCESS?
  • Acknowledging the Role of Judgment
  • Diagnosing the Role of Judgment
  • Assessing the Quality of the Judgment
  • How Good Are Expert Judgments?
  • Sensitivity to Sample Size
  • Hindsight
  • Judging Probabilistic Processes
  • Judging the Quality of Evidence
  • SUMMARY
  • III SCIENCE AND POLICY
  • SEPARATING FACTS AND VALUES
  • Values Shape Facts
  • Facts Shape Values
  • MEASURING RISK
  • Which Hazards Are Being Considered?
  • Definition of Risk
  • Dimensionality of Risk
  • Summary Statistics
  • Bounding the Technology
  • Concern
  • MEASURING BENEFITS
  • Definition of Benefit
  • Expressed Preferences
  • Revealed Preferences
  • SUMMARY
  • IV THE NATURE OF THE CONTROVERSY
  • THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN "ACTUAL" AND "PERCEIVED" RISKS IS MISCONCEIVED
  • LAYPEOPLE AND EXPERTS ARE SPEAKING DIFFERENT LANGUAGES
  • LAYPEOPLE AND EXPERTS ARE SOLVING DIFFERENT PROBLEMS
  • DEBATES OVER SUBSTANCE MAY DISGUISE BATTLES OVER FORM, AND VICE VERSA
  • LAYPEOPLE AND EXPERTS DISAGREE ABOUT WHAT IS FEASIBLE
  • LAYPEOPLE AND EXPERTS SEE THE FACTS DIFFERENTLY
  • SUMMARY
  • V STRATEGIES FOR RISK COMMUNICATION
  • CONCEPTS OF RISK COMMUNICATION
  • SOME SIMPLE STRATEGIES
  • Give the Public the Facts
  • Sell the Public the Facts
  • Give the Public More of What It Has Gotten in the Past
  • Give the Public Clear-Cut, Noncontroversial Statements of Regulatory Philosophy
  • Let the Marketplace Decide
  • Put Risk Managers on the Firing Line.
  • Involve Local Communities in Resolving Their Own Risk Management Problems.

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