AIDS : sexual behavior and intravenous drug use

AIDS sexual behavior and intravenous drug use

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: National Research Council (U.S.).
Autor Corporativo: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences (-)
Otros Autores: Turner, Charles F. (-), Miller, Heather G., Moses, Lincoln E.
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press 1989.
Edición:1st ed
Materias:
AIDS (Disease) > United States > Prevention.
AIDS (Disease) > United States > Epidemiology.
Health behavior > United States.
Sex customs > United States.
Intravenous drug abuse > United States.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820340306719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • AIDS
  • Copyright
  • PREFACE
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • NOTE ON AUTHORSHIP
  • Contents
  • SUMMARY
  • Monitoring The Spread Of HIV And Aids
  • Statistics On Aids
  • Statistics On HIV Infection
  • Cdc's Family Of HIV Seroprevalence Surveys
  • National Seroprevalence Survey
  • Assuring Confidentiality
  • Sexual Behavior And Aids
  • Same-Gender Sex Among Men
  • Teenage And Adult Heterosexuals
  • Female Prostitution
  • Research And Data Needs
  • Data On Sexually Transmitted Diseases
  • IV Drug Use And Aids
  • Limiting The Spread Of HIV Infection
  • Facilitating Change In Health Behaviors
  • Evaluating Interventions
  • Randomized Field Experiments
  • Resources For Evaluation
  • Overcoming Barriers To Research And Intervention
  • Barriers To Research
  • Collaborative Research
  • Social Barriers To Intervention
  • PART I UNDERSTANDING THE SPREAD OF HIV INFECTION
  • 1 Monitoring The Epidemic's Course
  • PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF HIV INFECTION
  • Uses Of HIV Prevalence And Incidence Data
  • Prevalence Data
  • Monitoring Trends
  • Incidence Data
  • Variation In Estimated Hiv Prevalence For Selected Groups
  • Homosexual and Bisexual Men.
  • IV Drug Users.
  • Hemophiliacs.
  • Heterosexual Partners of Persons with HIV Infection or at Recognized Risk.
  • Patients at General Care Hospitals.
  • Newborn Infants and Women of Reproductive Age.
  • Prostitutes.
  • Tuberculosis Patients.
  • Heterosexuals Without Known Risk Factors.12
  • Variation by Age.
  • Variation by Gender.
  • Variation Among Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics.
  • Geographic Spread of the Epidemic.
  • Uncertainties About HIV Prevalence
  • Principles And Methods Of Estimating Prevalence
  • Probability Samples
  • Full Coverage Of The Sample
  • Accurate Testing
  • Combining Results
  • THE 1989 HIV SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
  • Surveillance Of Iv Drug Users
  • Sentinel Hospital Surveillance.
  • Surveys Of STD And TB Clinics And Clinics Serving Women Of Reproductive Age
  • Data Management
  • Neonatal Screening
  • ESTIMATES OF NATIONAL HIV PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE
  • The Components Model
  • The Epidemiological Model
  • Sample Survey Method
  • CONCLUSION
  • Attributes Of An HIV Monitoring System
  • Other Uses Of Data On HIV
  • References
  • 2 Sexual Behavior And Aids
  • STATUS OF THE RESEARCH FIELD
  • NEEDED DATA
  • Data Needed To Understand The Epidemic's Future Course
  • Data Needed To Understand The Epidemic's Dynamics
  • THE KINSEY STUDIES
  • Quality Of The Kinsey Data
  • The Interviews
  • Sampling
  • Utility Of The Kinsey Data
  • Kinsey And The Issue Of Sexual Normality
  • After The Kinsey Studies
  • TRENDS IN HETEROSEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD
  • Kinsey's Findings
  • Studies After Kinsey
  • Further Trends During The 1970s
  • ADULT HETEROSEXUAL BEHAVIORS
  • Details Of Survey Execution
  • 1988 General Social Survey
  • Los Angeles Times Survey
  • Survey Results
  • Condom Use And Risk Perception
  • Special Studies
  • Couples Study Data
  • White And Afro-American Women In Los Angeles
  • TRENDS IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AMONG PERSONS OF THE SAME GENDER
  • The Kinsey Research
  • From Kinsey To The AIDS Epidemic
  • 1970 Kinsey Institute Data On Same-Gender Sexual Behavior
  • Research On Same-Gender Male Sex Since The Onset Of The Aids Crisis
  • Trends In Same-Gender Sexual Behavior
  • Anal Intercourse
  • Condom Use
  • Other Sexual Activities
  • Celibacy, Monogamy, And Multiple Partners
  • FEMALE PROSTITUTION
  • Social Context Of Prostitution
  • Prostitution And Aids
  • The Customers Of Prostitutes
  • METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SURVEYS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
  • Accuracy Of Self-Reported Data On Sexual Behavior
  • Sampling Gay And Bisexual Men
  • Developing Reliable Survey Instruments
  • Measurement Time Frames.
  • Interviewer Versus Self-Administered Assessments
  • Behavioral Specificity
  • Reliability And Validity Of Measures
  • Sample Coverage
  • ANTHROPOLOGY'S PERSPECTIVE ON HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
  • From 1929 To The 1970s
  • The 1980s Prior To AIDS
  • Anthropological Research Since Aids
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • 3 AIDS and IV Drug Use
  • DRUG-USE BEHAVIORS THAT TRANSMIT HIV
  • Sharing Drug Injection Equipment
  • Social Context Of Needle-Sharing
  • Initiation into Drug Use.
  • Adolescent IV Drug Use.
  • Friendship Networks and Intimate Relationships.
  • Shooting Galleries.
  • Mechanics Of Drug Use And Sources Of Contamination
  • The Syringe.
  • The Needle.
  • The Cooker.
  • The Cotton.
  • The Rinse Water.
  • Frequency Of Injection
  • Polydrug Use
  • Sexual Behaviors And IV Drug Use
  • Toward A Better Understanding Of Risk-Associated Behaviors
  • RISK REDUCTION AMONG IV DRUG USERS
  • Changes In Injection Behavior
  • Changes In Sexual Behavior
  • Toward Reducing Risk-Associated Behavior Among IV Drug Users
  • CONDUCTING RESEARCH ON IV DRUG USE
  • Research Traditions
  • Investigating Risk-Associated Drug Behaviors
  • Methods
  • Convenience Samples
  • Self-Reported Information
  • Toward Better Quality Data
  • MEASURING THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
  • Prevalence Of IV Drug Use
  • Definition Of An IV Drug User
  • Techniques For Estimating The Total Number Of IV Drug Users
  • National Aggregates Of State Estimates
  • Consumption And Turnover Rates Among IV Drug Users
  • Modeling The IV Drug-Using Population: Constraints And Limitations
  • Prevalence Of AIDS And HIV Infection Among IV Drug Users
  • CONCLUSION
  • Bibliography
  • PART II INTERVENING TO LIMIT THE SPREAD OF HIV INFECTION
  • 4 Facilitating Change In Health Behaviors
  • EDUCATION PROGRAMS
  • The Role Of Education And Knowledge In Preventing The Spread Of Hiv Infection.
  • The Function Of Fear In Health Messages
  • The Role Of The Media
  • Risk Perception
  • Adoption And Diffusion Of Innovations
  • MOTIVATING AND SUSTAINING BEHAVIORAL CHANGE
  • Self-Efficacy
  • Altruism
  • HIV Antibody Testing
  • Sustaining Behavioral Change
  • Assessing Change
  • Impediments To Individual Action: The Example Of Condom Use
  • SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR BEHAVIORAL CHANGE
  • Family, Group, And Community Beliefs
  • Community-Level Intervention Programs
  • Impediments To Effecting Behavioral Change
  • In-Groups Versus Out-Groups: Creating Distance From Risk
  • IV Drug Users
  • Female Prostitutes
  • Innovative And Controversial Approaches To Behavioral Change
  • Sterile Needle Programs
  • Education Programs For Teenagers
  • THE ROLE OF PLANNED VARIATIONS AND EVALUATION
  • References
  • 5 Evaluating The Effects Of AIDS Interventions
  • DIMENSIONS OF EVALUATION
  • Program Objectives
  • Program Design
  • Program Implementation
  • Defining And Measuring Outcomes
  • Inferring Results: The Value Of Controlled Experiments
  • Constraints On Evaluation
  • RANDOMIZED FIELD EXPERIMENTS
  • Examples
  • Benefits And Costs Of Well-Designed Experiments
  • Threshold Conditions For Randomized Experiments
  • Does Present Practice or Policy Need Improvement?
  • Is There Significant Uncertainty About The Effectiveness Of The Proposed Treatment?
  • Are There Acceptable Alternatives to Randomized Experiments?
  • Will The Results Of The Experiment Be Used To Improve Practice Or Policy?
  • Voluntary Participation
  • Organizations As The Treatment Unit In Field Experiments
  • SPECIAL CONCERNS OF EVALUATION IN THE CONTEXT OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS
  • Target Groups
  • Information Base
  • Objectives Of AIDS Intervention Programs
  • Ethical Issues
  • Attrition And Noncompliance
  • Measurement And Observation
  • IMPLEMENTING GOOD EVALUATIONS
  • Bibliography.
  • PART III IMPEDIMENTS TO RESEARCH AND INTERVENTION
  • 6 Barriers to Research
  • COLLABORATION IN RESEARCH
  • FEDERAL RESEARCH PERSONNEL
  • Immediate Needs
  • Future Needs
  • References
  • 7 Social Barriers To Aids Prevention
  • SOCIAL RESPONSE TO EPIDEMICS
  • COMMUNICATING ABOUT SEX
  • BARRIERS TO ACTION: RECENT EXAMPLES
  • Condom Advertising On Network Television
  • Communicating With Inoffensive Language
  • Federal AIDS Education Efforts
  • Communicating Facts Versus Moral Suasion
  • Reflecting Values Versus Imposing Them
  • HISTORICAL LESSONS
  • The Effects Of Epidemics On Poor People And Minorities
  • Stigma
  • Defining Stigma
  • Effects Of Stigmatization
  • Stigma And The Aids Epidemic
  • Legal Status Of Homosexual Behaviors
  • Toward Dispelling Stigma
  • References
  • APPENDIXES
  • Appendix A The Committee's Recommendations
  • Monitoring The Epidemic's Course
  • Human Sexual Behavior And AIDS
  • AIDS AND IV DRUG USE
  • FACILITATING CHANGE IN HEALTH BEHAVIORS
  • EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF AIDS INTERVENTIONS
  • BARRIERS TO RESEARCH
  • Appendix B Supplemental Data
  • BACKGROUND PAPERS
  • ON THE ACCURACY OF ESTIMATES OF NUMBERS OF INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS
  • What Is The Definition Of Intravenous Drug User?
  • What Definitions Are Used In The "Review"?
  • What Population Definition Was Used For Estimating Seroprevalence?
  • How Were Numbers Of Ivdus Estimated?
  • Overview
  • Aggregation Of State Agencies' Estimates
  • Illinois And Chicago
  • California And Los Angeles
  • New York State And New York City
  • National Estimates
  • Lange's Approach
  • Newmeyer's Ratio Estimate
  • Conclusions
  • References
  • MONITORING THE SPREAD OF HIV INFECTION
  • Current Estimates
  • Proportional Model
  • Multiplicative Model
  • Temporal Distribution Model
  • Proposal
  • Requirements
  • Limitations Of Samples Of Convenience
  • Design Considerations
  • Overview.
  • Sample Size And Efficiency.

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