Career in clinical research : obstacles and opportunities

Career in clinical research obstacles and opportunities

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor Corporativo: Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Addressing Career Paths for Clinical Research (-)
Otros Autores: Kelley, William N., 1939- (-), Randolph, Mark A.
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press 1994.
Edición:1st ed
Materias:
Medicine > Research > Government policy > United States.
Medicine > Research > Study and teaching > Government policy > United States.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820335506719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • CAREERS in CLINICAL RESEARCH
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Executive Summary
  • FOCUS OF THIS REPORT
  • FINDINGS
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • NIH and Other Federal Agencies Supporting Research
  • Data Analysis
  • Study Section Oversight
  • Newly Independent Investigators
  • Centers and Program Projects
  • General Clinical Research Centers
  • Multiyear Stabilization
  • Support of Training Programs
  • UNIVERSITIES AND ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTERS
  • Academic Recognition and Rewards
  • Faculty Protection
  • Infrastructure
  • Medical School Curriculum
  • Postgraduate Training
  • ACCREDITATION AND CERTIFICATION ORGANIZATIONS
  • Liaison Committee on Medical Education
  • Accreditation Committee for Graduate Medical Education
  • American Board of Medical Specialties
  • EXECUTIVE BRANCH, CONGRESS, INDUSTRY, FOUNDATIONS, AND PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES
  • Conflicts of Interest
  • Preserving Academic Health Centers
  • 1 Introduction
  • SCOPE OF CLINICAL RESEARCH
  • ORIGINS OF THE STUDY
  • CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE
  • DEFINING CLINICAL RESEARCH
  • LIMITS ON THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY
  • CONDUCT OF THE STUDY
  • Subcommittees
  • Task Forces
  • Workshop
  • Commissioned Papers
  • Grants Analysis
  • STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
  • 2 Nurturing Clinical Researchers
  • ENVIRONMENT FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH
  • CLINICAL RESEARCH WORKFORCE
  • RESEARCH INVOLVEMENT OF FACULTY
  • ACADEMIC RECOGNITION
  • FACULTY TRACKS
  • COMPETING TIME DEMANDS
  • CLINICAL RESEARCH TRAINING
  • MENTORING
  • LIFESTYLE ISSUES
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • 3 Clinical Research Funding and Infrastructure
  • THE BIG PICTURE
  • FEDERAL SUPPORT FOR HEALTH SCIENCES R&amp
  • D
  • National Institutes of Health
  • Intramural Research
  • Extramural Programs at NIH
  • Setting Program Priorities Through Peer Review
  • Funding Clinical Research
  • IMPAC Data
  • OMAR Data
  • Ahrens' Analysis
  • CRISP Data
  • Committee's Analysis
  • R&amp.
  • D Centers
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
  • U.S. Department of Education
  • U.S. Department of Defense
  • NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
  • Foundations
  • Voluntary Health Agencies
  • Medical Research Organizations
  • INDUSTRY
  • CLINICAL RESEARCH AND THIRD-PARTY PAYERS
  • Third-Party Payers' Perspective
  • Involvement in Study Design and Data Analyses
  • Data Sharing and Analysis
  • Possible Solutions
  • MODELS OF COOPERATION
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • 4 Training Pathways
  • DEMOGRAPHICS
  • KINDERGARTEN TO COLLEGE
  • Classroom Experience
  • Science Fairs and Competitions
  • Specific Initiatives
  • Effecting Change
  • Federal Programs
  • Nonfederal Programs
  • Summary
  • RESEARCH EXPERIENCES FOR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
  • Institutional Programs
  • Federal Programs
  • Program Shortcomings
  • Assessing Program Effectiveness
  • Designing Effective Programs
  • Establishing Specific Goals
  • Selecting Appropriate Strategies
  • Designing an Evaluation Plan
  • Characteristics of Successful Programs
  • Conclusions
  • HEALTH PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS
  • Physician-Scientists
  • What's Wrong with Medical Education?
  • UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION
  • Medical School Science Curriculum and Culture
  • Research Interests of Medical Students
  • Research Participation by Medical Students
  • Training Programs for Medical Students
  • Dual-Degree Programs
  • MST Program Outcomes
  • Training in Research Ethics
  • Financing and Debt
  • GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION
  • How Long Should Training Be and What Should the Training Involve?
  • External Factors Affecting Research Training During GME
  • Residency Review Committees and Certification Boards
  • Role of RRCs
  • Role of Certification Boards
  • Liaison Committee for Medical Education
  • BARRIERS TO CLINICAL RESEARCH TRAINING.
  • Inadequate Training in Research Methods
  • Inadequate Mentoring
  • Timing of Training
  • Competing Commitments
  • AVENUES FOR POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH TRAINING
  • Federal Support from NIH
  • ASSESSING THE OUTCOMES OF TRAINING PROGRAMS
  • Postdoctoral Ph.D. Training
  • Postdoctoral M.D. Training
  • Research Career Development Awards
  • Clinical Associate Physician Program
  • Non-NIH Federal Support
  • Private Support
  • Payback of Debt
  • MODEL PROGRAMS FOR RESEARCH TRAINING
  • Overview of Selected Programs
  • Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program
  • University of Michigan School of Public Health
  • Harvard Clinical Effectiveness Program
  • Other Programs
  • Common Characteristics
  • Remaining Obstacles
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • 5 Academic-Industry Relationships
  • OBJECTIVES OF ACADEMIC-INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIPS
  • TWO CULTURES
  • TYPES OF ACADEMIC-INDUSTRY LINKAGES
  • PROGRAMS TO HELP COMMERCIALIZE FACULTY RESEARCH
  • PREVALENCE OF ACADEMIC-INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIPS
  • BENEFITS FOR INDUSTRY
  • Access to Fundamental Scientific Advances
  • Access to Academic Personnel
  • Human Resources Needs
  • BENEFITS FOR ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS, FACULTY, AND STUDENTS
  • RISKS, CONCERNS, AND CONFLICTS
  • Scientific Communication and Proprietary Rights
  • Ownership of Proprietary Rights for New Discoveries
  • Exclusivity of Information
  • Conflicts of Interest
  • Conflict of Commitment
  • MANAGING ACADEMIC-INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIPS
  • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  • References
  • Appendix A Report of the Task Force on Clinical Research in Dentistry
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • CLINICAL RESEARCH IN DENTISTRY
  • Background
  • Recommendations
  • HUMAN RESOURCES
  • Background
  • Recommendation
  • BARRIERS TO THE DVELOPMENT AND SUPPORT OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATORS IN DENTISTRY
  • Background
  • Recommendations
  • Measurement of Outcomes
  • Projecting the Potential Need for Clinical Researchers.
  • TASK FORCE MEMBERS
  • Appendix B Report of the Task Force on Clinical Research in Nursing and Clinical Psychology
  • CLINICAL RESEARCH IN NURSING
  • Research Opportunities
  • Barriers
  • Recommendations
  • Human Resources
  • Barriers
  • Recommendations
  • Clinical Research Training
  • Barriers
  • Recommendations
  • References
  • CLINICAL RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY
  • Research Opportunities
  • Well-Established Areas of Investigation
  • Promising Newer Areas of Investigation
  • Human Resources
  • Training
  • Barriers
  • Failure to Retain Clinical Psychologists as Researchers
  • Chilly Academic Climate for Women
  • Chilly Academic Climate for Minorities
  • Erosion of the Science Training Base by Professional Schools of Psychology
  • Increasingly Inflexible Licensing Requirements That Impede Clinical Researchers' Eligibility for Licensure
  • REFRENCES
  • TASK FORCE MEMBERS
  • Appendix C Report of the Task Force on Clinical Research in Surgery
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • DEFINING CLINICAL RESEARCH IN SURGERY
  • Examples of Human Studies
  • Examples of Animal Studies
  • Studies at the Tissue, Cellular, and Molecular Level
  • IMPROVING CLINICAL RESEARCH IN SURGERY
  • RESOURCE BASE FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH IN SURGERY
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • NIH
  • Department of Defense
  • BARRIERS TO CLINICAL RESEARCH CAREERS IN SURGERY
  • Barriers
  • Barriers at Entry Level
  • Barriers During Residency
  • Barriers After Residency
  • General Barriers to Surgical Research
  • Special Problems of Women in Surgery
  • Minorities in Surgical Research Faculty Careers
  • HUMAN RESOURCES PROFILE AND TRAINING BACKGROUNDS OF THE PRESENT COHORT OF CLINICAL RESEARCHERS
  • EDUCATION AND TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH IN SURGERY
  • IMPLEMENTING CHANGES IN CLINICAL RESEARCH TRAINING
  • CHANGES IN SURGICAL RESIDENCY TRAINING
  • RECOMMENDATIONS.
  • Collaboration Between Basic Sciences and Department of Surgery
  • Proposal to American College of Surgeons Board of Regents to Undertake Direct Support of Research by Surgeons
  • NIH-Peer Review
  • Collaboration Between Military and Civilian Sectors
  • Recruitment and Retention of Academic Faculty in Surgery
  • Women in Surgical Research Faculty Careers
  • Under-represented Minorities in Academic Surgery
  • Development of NIH Surgical Scientist Training Program
  • Recommendation
  • Institution of Changes in Surgical Residency Training
  • ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION FOUNDATION
  • TASK FORCE MEMBERS
  • Appendix D Agenda for the Workshop on Clinical Research and Training: Spotlight on Funding
  • Appendix E Contributors
  • Appendix F Biographies of Committee Members
  • Glossary
  • Index.

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