Growing up tobacco free preventing nicotine addiction in children and youths
| Autor Corporativo: | |
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| Otros Autores: | , |
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Washington, D.C. :
National Academy Press
1994.
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| Edición: | 1st ed |
| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820334606719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- GROWING UP TOBACCO FREE
- Copyright
- PREFACE
- REFERENCES
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- Contents
- 1 TOWARD A YOUTH-CENTERED PREVENTION POLICY
- THE NEED FOR A YOUTH-CENTERED TOBACCO CONTROL POLICY
- Tobacco Use: Addictive and Mostly Initiated During Childhood and Adolescence
- Tobacco Use by Children and Youths: No Longer Declining
- The Emerging Public Health Consensus
- Public Support for a Youth-Centered Tobacco Control Policy
- Ethical Foundation of a Youth-Centered Tobacco Control Policy
- THE ELEMENTS OF A YOUTH-CENTERED TOBACCO CONTROL POLICY
- Actions That Should Be Taken Immediately
- Actions Required To Sustain Progress in the Long-Term
- REFERENCES
- 2 THE NATURE OF NICOTINE ADDICTION
- GENERAL ASPECTS OF NICOTINE ADDICTION
- The Daily Nicotine Addiction Cycle
- What Is Addiction?
- Pharmacologic Aspects of Nicotine
- Actions of Nicotine on the Brain
- Tolerance and Withdrawal
- Absorption of Nicotine from Tobacco
- Distribution and Elimination of Nicotine from the Body
- Intake and Accumulation of Nicotine During Cigarette Smoking
- Addiction and the Light or Occasional Smoker
- Nicotine Compensation
- The "Low-Yield" Cigarette
- Smoking Fewer Cigarettes
- Behavioral Aspects of Addiction
- Addiction to Smokeless Tobacco
- Comparison of Nicotine Addiction with Other Drug Addictions
- NICOTINE DEPENDENCY IN YOUTHS
- Epidemiology and Natural History of Cigarette Smoking
- Evidence for Nicotine Dependence in Youths
- Risk Factors for Smoking Initiation
- Ethnic Differences in Nicotine Dependency
- Use of Smokeless Tobacco by Children and Youths
- NATURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS
- Production of Tobacco Products
- Modifying Cigarette Yields
- CONCLUSIONS AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 3 SOCIAL NORMS AND THE ACCEPTABILITY OF TOBACCO USE
- THE FUNCTION OF SOCIAL NORMS.
- THE EMERGING TOBACCO-FREE NORM
- The Decline of Tobacco Use
- The Social Unacceptability of Tobacco Use
- TOBACCO USE AS PERCEIVED BY CHILDREN AND YOUTHS
- The Perception of Tobacco Use
- Spreading a False Impression: The Ubiquitous Pro-Tobacco Message
- OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROMOTING A TOBACCO-FREE NORM
- Families
- Peer Context
- The School Environment
- The Community Environment
- The Workplace
- Fast-Food Restaurants
- Shopping Malls
- Sports Facilities
- Community and Youth Organizations
- ADVOCACY FOR A TOBACCO-FREE NORM
- REINFORCING THE TOBACCO-FREE NORM: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 4 TOBACCO ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION
- INTRODUCTION: MAINTAINING THE MARKET
- SHIFTING TRENDS IN TOBACCO MARKETING
- Promoting Tobacco Use to Consumers
- Inhibiting Opposition to Tobacco Use
- THE TOBACCO MARKET AND MARKET SEGMENTATION
- Tobacco: A Mature and a Growth Market
- Market Segmentation to Reach Youths
- THE APPEAL OF TOBACCO ADS TO CHILDREN AND YOUTHS
- Psychosocial Mechanisms Through Which Advertising Influences the Behavior of Children and Youths
- Themes and Images
- CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF STUDIES ON ADVERTISING RECALL, ADVERTISING EXPENDITURES, AND TOBACCO CONSUMPTION
- Studies of Advertising Recall
- Econometric Studies of the Relationship Between Advertising and Consumption
- Studies of the Effects of Advertising Bans
- RATIONALE FOR RESTRICTIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- Policy Recommendations
- Research Recommendations
- REFERENCES
- 5 PREVENTION AND CESSATION OF TOBACCO USE RESEARCH-BASED PROGRAMS
- PREVENTION OF SMOKING
- School-Based Smoking Prevention Research
- Approaches to School-Based Prevention Research
- Effectiveness of School-Based Smoking Prevention Programs
- Community-wide Programs to Prevent Smoking
- Summary Points
- PREVENTION OF SMOKELESS TOBACCO USE.
- Unique Aspects of Smokeless Tobacco Use
- Evaluation of SLT Prevention Programs
- School-Based Programs
- Non-School-Based Programs
- Summary Points
- ADOLESCENT CESSATION OF SMOKING
- Data on Smoking Cessation
- Cessation Intervention Programs
- Cessation Interventions in Schools
- Non-School-Based Interventions
- Intervention Program Concepts
- Summary Points
- CESSATION OF SMOKELESS TOBACCO USE
- Desire to Quit Using Smokeless Tobacco
- Studies of Cessation of Smokeless Tobacco Use
- Studies of Users Recruited from Schools
- Self-Help Program
- Nicotine Replacement Therapy
- Clinic-Based Interventions
- Co-use of SLT and Cigarettes
- Summary Points
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 6 TOBACCO TAXATION IN THE UNITED STATES
- TOBACCO TAXES IN THE UNITED STATES
- Federal Tobacco Taxes
- State and Local Tobacco Taxes
- Trends in Cigarette Prices, Taxes, and Affordability
- Trends in Cigarette Tax Revenues and Sales
- TAX RATES IN OTHER INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
- EFFECT OF EXCISE TAXES ON CONSUMPTION
- The Canadian Experience
- Adolescents' Sensitivity to Price
- ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST HIGHER TOBACCO TAXES
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 7 YOUTH ACCESS TO TOBACCO PRODUCTS
- BACKGROUND OF YOUTH ACCESS MEASURES
- A Brief History of the Emergence of Youth Access Measures
- Lack of Enforcement
- RECENT INITIATIVES
- Local Initiatives
- The Role of DHHS and the Model Law
- The Synar Amendment and Regulations
- THE BENEFITS OF REDUCING ACCESS
- DESIGNING A YOUTH ACCESS POLICY
- Intergovernmental Roles
- Essential Components of a Reduced Access Plan
- Implement a Retailer Licensing System
- Ban Tobacco Vending Machines
- Restrict Methods of Sale
- Ban Free Distribution
- Foster Community Action to Monitor and Encourage Compliance
- Actively Enforce Youth Access Legislation.
- Additional Considerations to Guide Youth Access Legislation
- SUGGESTIONS FOR ADDITIONAL POLICY INITIATIVES AND RESEARCH
- Further Initiatives
- Tobacco-Free Zones Near Schools
- Bans on Pharmacy Sales
- Restrict Mail-Order Distribution
- Additional Research Needed
- REFERENCES
- 8 REGULATION OF THE LABELING, PACKAGING, AND CONTENTS OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS
- TOBACCO: AN UNREGULATED HAZARD
- WARNINGS AND PACKAGING
- The History of Federal Action
- The Importance of Warnings in Discouraging Use by Youths
- The Inadequacy of Existing Warnings
- Recent Initiatives in Other Countries
- Recommendations for Health Warnings and Packaging of Tobacco Products
- REGULATION OF CONSTITUENTS OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS
- A Unique Regulatory Challenge
- The Regulatory Agency
- Possible Regulatory Initiatives
- REFERENCES
- 9 COORDINATION OF POLICIES AND RESEARCH
- THE ROLE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
- Leadership
- Regulation of the Tobacco Industry
- Monitoring Public Health and Providing Technical Assistance to States
- Support of Research
- A Multicultural Research Agenda
- A Youth-Centered Research Agenda
- A Policy-Oriented Research Agenda
- Services
- THE ROLE OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
- THE ROLE OF PRIVATE SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS
- LINKAGE BETWEEN EXCISE TAX REVENUES AND TOBACCO CONTROL PROGRAM FUNDING
- OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COORDINATION
- EPILOGUE
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIXES
- A SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS, BY CHAPTER
- Chapter 2: The Nature of Nicotine Addiction
- Chapter 3: Social Norms and the Acceptability of Tobacco
- Chapter 4: Tobacco Advertising and Promotion
- Chapter 5: Prevention and Cessation of Tobacco Use: Research-Based Programs
- Chapter 6: Tobacco Taxation in the United States
- Chapter 7: Youth Access to Tobacco
- Chapter 8: Regulation of the Labeling, Packaging, and Contents of Tobacco Products.
- Chapter 9: Coordination of Policies and Research
- B COMMITTEE BIOGRAPHIES
- INDEX.
