The evaluation of forensic DNA evidence
| Autores Corporativos: | , |
|---|---|
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Washington, D.C. :
National Academy Press
1996.
|
| Edición: | 1st ed |
| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820333106719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- Executive Summary1
- INTRODUCTION
- CONTENTS OF THE REPORT
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- Recommendations to Improve Laboratory Performance
- Recommendations for Estimating Random-Match Probabilities
- Recommendations on Interpreting the Results of Database Searches, on Binning, and on Establishing th ...
- Recommendation for Research on Juror Comprehension
- Overview
- INTRODUCTION
- OUR ASSIGNMENT
- DNA TYPING
- BASIC GENETIC PRINCIPLES
- FORENSIC DNA IDENTIFICATION
- VNTRs
- DNA Profiling
- Matching and Binning of VNTRs
- Allele (Bin) Frequencies
- PCR-Based Systems
- ASSURING LABORATORY ACCURACY
- POPULATION GENETICS
- Randomly Mating Populations
- Population Structure
- Dealing with Subpopulations
- Persons from the Same Subpopulation
- SOME STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The Reference Database
- Match Probability, Likelihood Ratio, and Two Fallacies
- Bayes's Theorem
- Suspect Identified by Database Search
- Uniqueness
- Uncertainty About Estimated Frequencies
- PCR-Based Tests
- THE CEILING PRINCIPLES
- DNA IN THE COURTS
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Admissibility of DNA Evidence (Chapter 2)
- Laboratory Errors (Chapter 3)
- Proficiency Tests
- Duplicate Tests
- Population Genetics (Chapter 4)
- Evidence DNA and Suspect from the Same Subgroup
- Insufficient Data
- Dealing with Relatives
- Statistical Issues (Chapter 5)
- Database Searches
- Uniqueness
- Matching and Binning
- Ceiling Principles
- Further Research
- Legal Issues (Chapter 6)
- ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
- A Typical Case
- Suspect Found by Searching a Database
- Suspect and Evidence from the Same Subpopulation
- A PCR-Based System
- 1 Introduction
- THE 1992 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORT
- THE COMMITTEE'S TASK
- THE VALIDITY OF DNA TYPING.
- THE USE OF DNA FOR EXCLUSION
- CHANGES SINCE THE 1992 NRC REPORT
- Population Data
- Technical Improvements
- PATERNITY TESTING
- REGULATORY OVERSIGHT
- SEEMINGLY CONTRADICTORY NUMBERS
- VERY SMALL PROBABILITIES
- FINGERPRINTS AND UNIQUENESS
- DESIGNATING POPULATION GROUPS AND SUBGROUPS
- THE NATURE OF OUR RECOMMENDATIONS
- 2 Genetic and Molecular Basis of DNA Typing
- FUNDAMENTALS OF GENETICS1
- VNTR TYPING
- PCR-BASED METHODS
- CONCLUSIONS
- 3 Ensuring High Standards of Laboratory Performance
- QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE LABORATORY
- Current QC and QA Guidelines
- The Role of Proficiency-Testing and Audits
- SAFEGUARDING AGAINST ERROR
- Sample Mishandling and Data-Recording Errors
- Faulty Reagents, Equipment, Controls, or Technique
- Evidence Contamination
- Analyst Bias
- SHOULD AN ERROR RATE BE INCLUDED IN CALCULATIONS?
- RETESTING
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Laboratory Errors
- Proficiency Tests
- Duplicate Tests
- 4 Population Genetics
- ALLELE AND GENOTYPE PROPORTIONS
- RANDOM MATING AND HARDY-WEINBERG PROPORTIONS
- HW Proportions in a Large Sample
- Exclusion Power of a Locus
- DEPARTURES FROM HW PROPORTIONS
- Inbreeding and Kinship
- Population Subgroups
- SUBPOPULATION THEORY
- TAKING POPULATION STRUCTURE INTO ACCOUNT
- MULTIPLE LOCI AND LINKAGE EQUILIBRIUM
- How Much Departure from LE is Expected?
- What Do the VNTR Data Show?
- RELATIVES
- PERSONS FROM THE SAME SUBPOPULATION
- PCR-BASED SYSTEMS
- A Conservative Rule for PCR Loci
- DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SYSTEMS
- INADEQUATE DATABASES
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Evidence DNA and Suspect from the Same Subgroup
- Insufficient Data
- Dealing with Relatives
- APPENDIX 4A
- 5 Statistical Issues
- DATA SOURCES
- MATCH PROBABILITY AND LIKELIHOOD RATIO
- Mixed Samples
- Bayes's Theorem.
- Bayes's Theorem in Criminal Cases
- TWO FALLACIES
- SUSPECT IDENTIFIED BY A DNA DATABASE SEARCH
- VERY SMALL PROBABILITIES
- UNIQUENESS
- STATISTICAL ASPECTS OF VNTR ANALYSIS
- Determining a Match
- Binning
- Floating bins
- Fixed bins
- CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR MATCH PROBABILITIES
- ALLELES WITH LOW FREQUENCY
- INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY AND EMPIRICAL COMPARISONS
- Geographical Subdivision
- Differences Among Subgroups
- Different Races
- MORE CONSERVATIVE FORMULAE
- THE CEILING PRINCIPLES
- DIRECT COUNT FROM A DATABASE
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Statistical Issues
- Database Searches
- Uniqueness
- Matching and Binning
- Ceiling Principles
- Further Research
- APPENDIX 5A
- APPENDIX 5B
- APPENDIX 5C
- 6 DNA Evidence in the Legal System
- LEGAL STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES
- The Defendant's Right to Discovery
- Expertise
- General Acceptance and Sound Methodology
- Balancing and Weight
- Trends in the Admissibility of DNA Evidence
- TYPING METHODS
- VNTR Profiling
- PCR-Based Testing
- LABORATORY ERROR
- Population and Subpopulation Frequencies
- Convenience Samples
- The Disagreement About Substructure
- Ceiling Frequencies in Court
- EXPLAINING THE MEANING OF A MATCH
- The Necessity for Quantitative Estimates
- Qualitative Testimony on Uniqueness or Infrequency
- Quantitative Assessments: Frequencies and Match Probabilities
- Quantitative Assessments: Likelihood Ratios and Posterior Odds
- Importance of Behavioral Research
- CONCLUSIONS
- APPENDIX 6A
- Abbreviations
- Glossary1 A
- Biographical Information
- COMMITTEE CHAIR
- COMMITTEE MEMBERS
- COMMITTEE ADVISOR
- STAFF
- Acknowledgments
- References2
- Index.
