In her lifetime : female morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa

In her lifetime female morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor Corporativo: Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee to Study Female Morbidity and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa (-)
Otros Autores: Howson, Christopher Paul (-)
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press 1996.
Edición:1st ed
Materias:
Women > Diseases > Africa, Sub-Saharan.
Women > Africa, Sub-Saharan > Mortality.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820332906719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • In Her Lifetime
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contents
  • 1 Summary
  • PREAMBLE
  • THE "LIFE SPAN" APPROACH
  • THE STUDY PROCESS
  • Background
  • The Committee and Its Process
  • Study Objectives
  • Dilemmas and Strategies
  • Definitions
  • Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Sex and Gender
  • Report Organization
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RESEARCH NEEDS
  • Conclusions
  • Gender-Related Burden
  • Health Problems Across the Female Life Span: A Synthesis
  • Research Needs
  • Notes
  • 2 The Context of Mortality and Morbidity
  • THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXT
  • THE ISSUE OF HETEROGENEITY
  • THE SOCIOECONOMICS OF LIFE AND DEATH
  • The Variables
  • Gender Disparities
  • Morbidity and Mortality
  • Health Services Access and Utilization and Health-Seeking Behavior
  • Access Bias
  • Health-Seeking Behavior
  • The Dynamics of Female Education
  • Access Bias
  • Access to Assets, Employment, and Income
  • Widowhood and Its Sequelae
  • POWER, CONTROL, EQUITY, AND STATUS
  • Fostering
  • Kinship and Residence
  • HIV and AIDS
  • SOCIAL DISRUPTION AND HEALTH STATUS
  • War and Civil Strife
  • Refugee Status
  • Gender Violence
  • Early Marriage
  • Traditional Medicine
  • Traditional Practices
  • Food Prescriptions and Proscriptions
  • Pregnancy, Labor, and Delivery
  • Female Genital Mutilation
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • References
  • 3 Nutritional Status
  • WOMEN'S ROLES AND FEMALE NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
  • Effects of Household Food Production and Acquisition Strategies on the Nutritional Status of Women and Children
  • Effects of Commercial Agriculture
  • Seasonality
  • Dietary Intake and Energy Expenditure of Pregnant and Lactating Women
  • EXTENT OF MALNUTRITION AMONG FEMALES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
  • Micronutrient Disorders
  • Protein-Energy Malnutrition
  • Obesity
  • Micronutrient Deficiencies.
  • FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF FEMALE NUTRITIONAL STATUS: TAKING A LIFE SPAN PERSPECTIVE
  • Mortality and Morbidity
  • Mortality
  • Morbidity
  • Cognitive Development and School Performance
  • Reproductive Function
  • Physical Work Capacity
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • RESEARCH NEEDS
  • Notes
  • References
  • 4 Obstetric Morbidity and Mortality
  • GENDER BURDEN
  • THE LIFE SPAN: AN APPROACH TO MATERNAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
  • Childhood
  • Adolescence
  • Menopause and Postmenopause
  • THE MAGNITUDE OF PREGNANCY-RELATED MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY
  • Quantification of Maternal Mortality
  • Vital Statistics
  • Health Services Statistics
  • Population-Based Data
  • Alternative Approaches
  • The Burden of Maternal Mortality and Morbidity
  • Percent of Pregnancy-Related Deaths and Lifetime Risk of Dying
  • Estimates of Maternal Morbidity
  • Trends
  • THE NATURE OF MATERNAL MORTALITY AS A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM
  • Prediction, Prevention, and Cure
  • Prediction: Risk Factors and the Utility of Risk Scores
  • Maternal Characteristics
  • Community Characteristics
  • Calculations of Risk
  • Prevention
  • Cure
  • THE MULTIPLE CAUSALITY OF MATERNAL DEATH
  • Clinical Causes
  • Anemia
  • Complications of Pregnancy and Delivery
  • Sociocultural Factors: Traditional Medical Practices
  • The Traditional Birth Attendant
  • Gishiri Cuts
  • Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
  • Health Services
  • Access to Antenatal and Intrapartum Care
  • MATERNAL HEALTH AND FAMILY PLANNING
  • Provision of Family Planning Services
  • Abortion
  • Lactation
  • MENOPAUSE
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • RESEARCH NEEDS
  • References
  • 5 Nervous System Disorders
  • LIFE SPAN PERSPECTIVE
  • TOXIC AND NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
  • HEADACHE SYNDROMES
  • Migraine
  • Tension Headache
  • CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES AND USE OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
  • OTHER NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
  • Epilepsies
  • Demyelinating Diseases.
  • Neurologic Complications of Collagen Diseases
  • Dementia
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • RESEARCH NEEDS
  • References
  • 6 Mental Health Problems
  • MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL ILLNESS IN AFRICA: GENERAL ISSUES
  • GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE RATE, COURSE, AND OUTCOMES OF MENTAL DISORDERS: GLOBAL ISSUES
  • THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE IN AFRICA
  • GENDER DIFFERENCES IN AFRICA FOR ALL PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
  • AFFECTIVE AND NEUROTIC DISORDERS
  • SCHIZOPHRENIA
  • Incidence
  • Prevalence
  • Course and Outcome
  • PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN GENERAL MEDICAL SETTINGS
  • PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN PREGNANCY AND THE PUERPERIUM
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • RESEARCH NEEDS
  • Note
  • References
  • 7 Cardiovascular Diseases, Cancers, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
  • CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
  • Emerging Problems
  • Coronary Artery Disease
  • Stroke
  • Factors Influencing Coronary Artery Disease and Stroke Risk
  • Smoking
  • Hypertension
  • Dyslipidemias
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Oral Contraceptive Use
  • Continuing Problems
  • Rheumatic Heart Disease
  • Cardiomyopathies
  • CANCERS
  • Emerging Problems
  • Cancer of the Breast
  • Cancers of the Uterus and Ovary and Choriocarcinoma
  • Colorectal and Lung Cancers
  • Continuing Problems
  • Cancer of the Cervix
  • Leukemias and Lymphomas
  • Skin Cancers
  • Liver Cancer
  • Bladder Cancer
  • CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES
  • Cigarette Smoking
  • Indoor Air Pollution
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • RESEARCH NEEDS
  • References
  • 8 Injury
  • DEFINITIONS
  • INJURIES WORLDWIDE
  • Injuries as a Public Health Issue
  • INJURIES IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
  • Epidemiologic Transition
  • INJURY PATTERNS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
  • Evidence in Females
  • LIFE SPAN APPROACH
  • Motor Vehicle Injuries
  • Implications for Females
  • Other Unintentional Injuries: Burns, Drowning, Falls, and Unintentional Poisonings
  • Burns
  • Drowning
  • Falls.
  • Unintentional Poisonings
  • VIOLENCE AGAINST FEMALES-A GROWING PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM
  • Fatal Violent Injuries in Females
  • Homicide
  • Suicide
  • Nonfatal Violent Injuries in Females
  • Domestic Abuse (Battering)
  • Rape and Sexual Assault
  • Implications of Intentional Injury Directed Specifically Toward Females
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • RESEARCH NEEDS
  • Improved Data Sources
  • Prevention Strategies
  • References
  • 9 Occupational and Environmental Health
  • WOMEN'S WORK IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
  • WOMEN AND WORK IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT
  • PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION
  • THE NATURE OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
  • Occupational Injuries
  • Occupational Diseases
  • Chemical Hazards
  • Toxic Emissions
  • LIFE SPAN APPROACH
  • NATURE OF THE EVIDENCE
  • An Occupational and Environmental Health Hazard Profile for Women
  • Physical Factors
  • Chemical Factors
  • Biological Factors
  • Work Organizational Factors
  • Psychosocial Organization of Work
  • Job Load
  • Job Control
  • The Physical Organization of Work
  • Additional Considerations Unique to Women in Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Adverse Health Outcomes of Occupational and Environmental Hazards
  • Indirect (Group) Health Effects
  • Direct (Individual) Health Effects
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • Nature of Women's Work and Problems of Definition
  • Morbidity and Mortality
  • RESEARCH NEEDS
  • References
  • 10 Tropical Infectious Diseases
  • MALARIA
  • Malaria in Children
  • Malaria in Adolescent and Adult Females
  • SCHISTOSOMIASIS (BILHARZIASIS)
  • Schistosomiasis in Children
  • Schistosomiasis and the Adolescent Female
  • Schistosomiasis in Adult Females
  • AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS
  • African Trypanosomiasis in Children
  • African Trypanosomiasis in Adolescent and Adult Females
  • African Trypanosomiasis and Pregnancy
  • TRACHOMA
  • Trachoma in Children
  • Trachoma in Adolescent and Adult Females.
  • DRACUNCULIASIS (GUINEA WORM)
  • Dracunculiasis in Children and Adolescents
  • Dracunculiasis in Adult Females
  • ONCHOCERCIASIS AND LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
  • Onchocerciasis in Children
  • Onchocerciasis in Adolescents
  • Onchocerciasis in Adult Females
  • LEISHMANIASIS AND LEPROSY
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • RESEARCH NEEDS
  • References
  • 11 Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV Infection
  • OVERVIEW
  • STDs, Including HIV Infection, and their Complications
  • Complications of STDs
  • Gender Differentials in STDs and HIV Infection
  • Control Over the Circumstances of Sexual Intercourse
  • Acquisition of STDs and HIV Infection and Development of Complications
  • Health-Seeking Behavior
  • Detection and Treatment of STDs
  • The Social Implications of STDs and HIV Infection
  • STDs and HIV Infection Throughout the Female Life Span
  • Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence
  • MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
  • Morbidity
  • Prevalence
  • Mortality
  • Economic Impact
  • SOCIETAL DETERMINANTS OF STDS AND HIV INFECTION
  • Population-Age Composition
  • Urbanization, Sex Ratio, and Population Mobility
  • War and Social Unrest
  • Sexual Norms, Women's Social Status, and Patterns of Sexual Behavior
  • Availability and Utilization of Health Services
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • RESEARCH NEEDS
  • Operational Research
  • Technology Development
  • Behavioral Research
  • Clinical Research and Epidemiology
  • Notes
  • References
  • APPENDIX
  • Appendix A Demographic Overview and State of the Data
  • DATA ON FEMALE MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
  • Data on Mortality
  • Sources and Measures
  • Gender Differences in Mortality
  • Levels of Mortality
  • Trends in Mortality over Time
  • Cause-Specific Mortality Across the Life Span
  • Data on Morbidity
  • Sources and Quality
  • Estimates of Morbidity
  • Disability-Adjusted Life Years.
  • Understanding Mortality and Morbidity Across the Life Span.

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