The hidden epidemic : confronting sexually transmitted diseases

The hidden epidemic confronting sexually transmitted diseases

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: Institute of Medicine (U.S.).
Autor Corporativo: Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (-)
Otros Autores: Eng, Thomas R. (-), Butler, William T.
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press 1997.
Edición:1st ed
Materias:
Sexually transmitted diseases > United States.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820332706719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • The Hidden Epidemic
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contents
  • Executive Summary
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Strategy 1: Overcome barriers to adoption of healthy sexual behaviors
  • Catalyzing Change Through Open Discussion and Promoting Awareness and Balanced Mass Media Messages
  • Improving Professional Skills in Sexual Health Issues
  • Supporting Sexual Health Behavior Research
  • Strategy 2: Develop strong leadership, strengthen investment, and improve information systems for STD...
  • Developing Leadership and Catalyzing Partnerships
  • Strengthening Investment
  • Improving Surveillance and Other Information Systems
  • Strategy 3: Design and implement essential STD-related services in innovative ways for adolescents and underserved…
  • Focusing on Prevention
  • Focusing on Adolescents
  • Establishing New Venues for Interventions
  • Strategy 4: Ensure access to and quality of essential clinical services for STDs
  • Ensuring Access to Services in the Community
  • Improving Dedicated Public STD Clinics
  • Involving Health Plans and Purchasers of Health Care
  • Improving Training and Education of Health Care Professionals
  • Improving Clinical Management of STDs
  • 1 Introduction and Background
  • STUDY METHODS
  • FOCUS OF REPORT
  • FOCUS OF CHAPTERS
  • REFERENCES
  • 2 The Neglected Health and Economic Impact of STDs
  • BROAD SCOPE AND IMPACT OF STDS
  • Routes of Transmission
  • Summary of Common STDs
  • Human Papillomavirus Infection
  • Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
  • Viral Hepatitis
  • Syphilis
  • Gonorrhea
  • Chlamydial Infection
  • Impact of STDs on Women's Health
  • Greater Risk of STDs Among Adolescents
  • Other Groups at Risk
  • STDs as Emerging Infections
  • International Comparisons and the Global Scope of STDs
  • HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF STDS
  • Cancers Caused by STDs
  • Cervical Cancer.
  • Other STD-Related Cancers
  • Reproductive Health Problems
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
  • Ectopic Pregnancy
  • Infertility
  • Health Consequences for Pregnant Women and Infants
  • Health Consequences for Infected Infants
  • Health Consequences for Infected Pregnant Women
  • Health Consequences for Men
  • Deaths Associated with STDs
  • IMPACT OF STDS ON HIV TRANSMISSION
  • Epidemiological Evidence
  • Explaining the Association Between STDs and HIV Infection
  • Evidence of Effect of STD Prevention on HIV Prevention
  • Estimating the Impact of STDs on HIV Transmission
  • ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF STDS
  • Estimating STD-Associated Costs
  • Sources of Payment for STD-Related Costs
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 3 Factors that Contribute to the Hidden Epidemic
  • BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
  • Asymptomatic Infections
  • Lag Time to Complications
  • Increased Susceptibility of Women and Female Adolescents
  • Other Biological Factors
  • SOCIAL FACTORS
  • Poverty and Inadequate Access to Health Care
  • Substance Use
  • Impact of Crack Cocaine on STD Transmission
  • How Drug Use Increases STD Transmission
  • Association Between Alcohol Use and STDs
  • Sexual Abuse and Violence
  • STDs Among Disenfranchised Populations
  • Sex Workers
  • Homeless Persons
  • Adolescents in Detention
  • Adults in Detention
  • Migrant Workers
  • SECRECY AS A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR
  • Sexuality and Secrecy in the United States
  • Impact of Secrecy on STD Prevention
  • Impact on Sexuality Education for Adolescents
  • Impact on Communication Between Sex Partners
  • Impact on Mass Media Messages
  • Impact on Clinical Preventive Services
  • Impact on Community Activism
  • Experiences of Other Countries
  • Research and Training Issues in Sexuality
  • Trends in Sexual Activity
  • Knowledge and Awareness of STDs
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 4 Prevention of STDs
  • ISSUES IN PREVENTION.
  • A Mathematical Model for Prevention
  • Primary Versus Secondary Prevention
  • Behavioral Versus Biomedical Approaches
  • REDUCING EXPOSURE AND TRANSMISSION
  • Individual Factors
  • Sexual and Other Behaviors
  • Perception of Risk
  • Link Between Perceived Risk and Protective Behaviors
  • Personal Skills
  • Behavioral Methods
  • Theoretical Approaches to STD and HIV Risk Reduction
  • Individual-Focused Interventions
  • Community-Based Interventions
  • School-Based Interventions
  • Mass Media Interventions
  • Other Methods
  • Prophylaxis
  • Condoms
  • Other Contraceptives and Dual Protection
  • Partner Notification and Treatment
  • Screening
  • REDUCING DURATION OF INFECTION
  • Early Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Diagnostic Tests for STDs
  • Culturing
  • Microscopy
  • Antibody Detection Tests
  • Antigen Detection Tests
  • Tests Based on Genetic Markers
  • Treatment for STDs
  • Barriers to Diagnosis and Effective Treatment
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 5 Current STD-Related Services
  • CLINICAL SERVICES
  • Health Care Professionals and Prevention Activities
  • Dedicated Public STD Clinics
  • Persons Served
  • Services Provided
  • Effectiveness
  • Federal Role
  • Community-Based Clinics
  • School- and University-Based Settings
  • Private Sector Settings
  • Managed Care Organizations and Other Health Plans
  • Growing Role of Managed Care
  • Effect of Managed Care on STD Prevention
  • Services and Programs of Managed Care Organizations
  • Government Initiatives Related to managed Care and STDs
  • NATIONAL SURVEILLANCE AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
  • National Notifiable Disease Reporting
  • Limitations of the Reporting System
  • Surveillance and Public STD Programs
  • Other Surveillance Systems
  • Health Behavior Surveys
  • Measuring and Evaluating Program Effectiveness
  • Data Management, Utilization, and Limitations
  • Information Systems Development.
  • Local Data Analysis Capacity
  • TRAINING AND EDUCATION OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
  • Medical School and Medical Graduate Education
  • Primary Care Health Professional Training
  • Federal Efforts in STD Training
  • Advances in Information Technology
  • FUNDING OF SERVICES
  • Federal, State, and Local Government Funding
  • Categorical Funding
  • Block Grant Proposals
  • Arguments for Block Grants
  • Arguments Against Block Grants
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 6 Establishing an Effective National System to Prevent STDs
  • LAYING THE FOUNDATION FOR A NATIONAL SYSTEM
  • Formulating a National Policy and Strategy
  • Recognizing the Impact of STDs on HIV Transmission
  • Recognizing the Impact of STDs on Cancer
  • STRATEGY 1 PROMOTE HEALTHY SEXUAL BEHAVIORS
  • Catalyzing Change Through Open Discussion
  • Promoting Knowledge and Awareness
  • Promoting Balanced Mass Media Messages
  • Improving Professional Skills in Sexual Health Issues
  • Supporting Sexual Health Behavior Research
  • STRATEGY 2 DEVELOP LEADERSHIP
  • Developing Leadership in the Private Sector
  • Developing Leadership in the Public Sector
  • Promoting Federal Leadership
  • Promoting State Leadership
  • Promoting Local Leadership
  • Catalyzing Change Through Partnerships
  • Strengthening Investment in STED Prevention
  • Who Is Currently Paying and Who Should Pay?
  • Evaluating and Improving Categorical Funding
  • Strengthening Global STD Prevention Efforts
  • Improving Surveillance and Other Information Systems
  • Enhancing the Current System
  • Utilizing Health Services Performance Measures
  • STRATEGY 3 FOCUS ON ADOLESCENTS AND UNDERSERVED POPULATIONS
  • Focusing On Prevention
  • Expanding Prevention-Related Research
  • Developing Female-Controlled Methods for Protecting Against STDs
  • Focusing On Adolescents
  • Ensuring Effective, Early Interventions and Confidentiality.
  • Expanding School-Based Programs
  • Establishing New Venues for Interventions
  • STRATEGY 4 ENSURE ACCESS TO SERVICES
  • Ensuring Access to Community Services
  • Incorporating STD-Related Services into Primary Care
  • Coordinating Services at the Community Level
  • Improving Dedicated Public STD Clinics
  • Ensuring Access and Quality
  • Collaborating with Academic Health Centers
  • Involving Managed Care Organizations and Other Health Plans
  • Involving Employers and Other Purchasers of Health Care
  • Evaluating the Privatization of Services
  • Improving Training and Education of Health Care Professionals
  • Improving Clinical Management of STDs
  • Improving and Expanding Screening Programs
  • Improving Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Improving Counseling and Education
  • Improving Partner Notification and Treatment
  • Improving Availability and Capability of Laboratory Services
  • COLLABORATING TO IMPROVE SERVICES
  • Collaborating with Other Public Sector Health Programs
  • Collaborating with Community-Based Health Programs
  • CONCLUDING STATEMENT
  • REFERENCES
  • Appendixes
  • Appendix A Sexually Transmitted Pathogens and Associated Diseases, Syndromes, and Complications
  • Twenty-Five Sexually Transmitted Pathogens And Associated Diseases Or Syndromes
  • Selected Syndromes And Complications Of Sexually Transmitted Pathogens
  • Appendix B Characteristics of Major STDs in the United States
  • Appendix C Transmission Dynamics of Coexisting Chlamydial and HIV Infections in the United States
  • Introduction
  • Model And Parameter Assumptions
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • References
  • Appendix D Estimates of the Economic Burden of STDs: Review of the Literature with Updates
  • Introduction
  • Economic Burden Of Illness
  • Why The Cost Of Illness Is Assessed
  • Challenges To Assessing Economic Impact
  • Methods
  • Literature on the Economic Impact of STDs.
  • Adjustments.

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