Evaluation of guidelines for exposures to technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials
| Corporate Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | Inglés |
| Published: |
Washington, DC :
National Academy Press
1999.
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| Edition: | 1st ed |
| Subjects: | |
| See on Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820330006719 |
Table of Contents:
- Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive...
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- Executive Summary
- INTRODUCTION
- PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF STUDY
- RESPONSES TO COMMITTEE CHARGE
- Technical Basis for Differences in Guidelines for TENORM
- Relative Merits of Different Scientific and Technical Assumptions
- Development of Contemporary Risk Analysis for NORM
- OTHER CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Policy Judgments for Risk Management
- Consistency of Radiation Guidelines
- Importance of Natural Background for Guidelines for TENORM
- Importance of Knowledge of Sources of TENORM
- Differences in Approaches to Radiation Risk Assessment
- Use of Linear, No-threshold Dose-Response Hypothesis
- Directions for Further Research on TENORM
- 1 Introduction
- DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF STUDY
- THE RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS OF CONCERN
- APPROACH TO THE STUDY
- Evaluation of Guidelines for Indoor Radon
- Evaluation of Guidelines for TENORM Other Than Indoor Radon
- Other Considerations
- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
- 2 Natural Radioactivity and Radiation
- NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIONUCLIDES
- Uranium
- Radium-226
- Thorium
- Radium-228
- Radon
- Lead-210 and Polonium-210
- Potassium-40
- Rubidium-87
- Induced Radionuclides
- NATURAL SOURCES OF EXTERNAL IONIZING RADIATION
- Terrestrial Sources of External Radiation
- Cosmic Radiation
- SUMMARY OF HUMAN EXPOSURES TO NATURAL IONIZING RADIATION
- CONCLUSIONS
- 3 Major Sources of Technologically Enhanced Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials
- URANIUM MINING
- PHOSPHATE-FERTILIZER AND ELEMENTAL-PHOSPHORUS PRODUCTION
- RESIDUES OF COAL COMBUSTION
- OIL AND NATURAL-GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING
- MUNICIPAL WATER TREATMENT
- METAL MINING AND PROCESSING
- GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION
- OTHER INDUSTRIES.
- MINIMIZATION OF TENORM
- NONRADIOLOGIC IMPACTS
- CONCLUSIONS
- 4 Role of Exposure and Dose or Risk Assessments in Developing Radiation Standards
- RISK ASSESSMENT OF CARCINOGENS
- Hazard Identification
- Estimation of Dose-Response Relationship
- Exposure Assessment
- Risk Characterization
- ELEMENTS OF RADIATION RISK ASSESSMENT
- USE OF DOSE OR RISK ASSESSMENT IN DEVELOPING RADIATION STANDARDS
- SUITABLE APPROACHES TO RISK ASSESSMENT IN DEVELOPING STANDARDS
- 5 Basic Approaches to Regulating Radiation Exposures of the Public
- JUDGMENTS ABOUT ACCEPTABILITY OF HEALTH RISKS
- JUDGMENTS ABOUT ACCEPTABILITY OF HEALTH RISKS
- OTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN DEVELOPING STANDARDS
- Justification of Practices
- Measurability of Radioactivity In the Environment
- Natural Background Radiation
- SUMMARY
- 6 Organizations Concerned with Radiation Protection of the Public
- INTRODUCTION
- ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
- Federal Guidance On Radiation Protection of the Public
- Environmental Radiation Standards Developed Under Atomic Energy Act
- Environmental Radiation Standards Developed Under Other Laws
- Guidance and Regulations for Indoor Radon
- NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION
- DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
- STATE GOVERNMENTS
- NATIONAL COUNCIL ON RADIATION PROTECTION AND MEASUREMENTS
- HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY
- INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
- INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
- COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
- 7 Environmental Protection Agency Guidances and Regulations for Naturally Occurring Radionuclides
- GUIDANCE ON RADIATION PROTECTION OF THE PUBLIC
- GUIDANCE AND REGULATIONS FOR SPECIFIC SOURCES OR PRACTICES
- Standards for Operations of Uranium Fuel Cycle
- Standards for Radioactivity in Drinking Water
- Standards for Radioactivity in Liquid Discharges.
- Standards for Uranium and Thorium Mill Tailings
- Standards for Management and Disposal of Radioactive Waste
- Standards for Cleanup of Radioactively Contaminated Sites
- Standards for Airborne Emissions of Radionuclides
- Guidance on Radon in Homes
- Applicability of EPA Guidances and Regulations to TENORM
- Other EPA Initiatives for TENORM
- Other Alternatives for EPA Regulation of TENORM
- Risks Corresponding to EPA Guidances and Regulations
- CONSISTENCY OF DIFFERENT GUIDANCES AND REGULATIONS
- Differences in Statutory and Judicial Mandates
- Differences in Primary Bases of Standards
- Differences in Applicability of Standards
- Differences in Population Groups of Primary Concern
- Differences in Considerations of Natural Background
- Other Considerations in Comparing Standards
- Summary of Issues of Consistency of Standards
- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STANDARDS AND DOSES EXPERIENCED
- SUMMARY
- 8 Indoor-Radon Guidelines and Recommendations
- RADON MEASUREMENT UNITS
- PATHWAYS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE
- HEALTH EFFECTS AND RISK EVALUATION OF RADON EXPOSURE
- OVERVIEW OF RADON GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DWELLINGS
- National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)
- US Environmental Protection Agency
- International Commission on Radiological Protection
- International Atomic Energy Agency
- Commission of the European Communities
- Other
- RADON ACTION LEVELS FOR WORKPLACES
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- 9 Other Guidances for TENORM
- NATIONAL COUNCIL ON RADIATION PROTECTION AND MEASUREMENTS
- INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
- HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY
- HPS Recommendations on Radiation Dose Limits for the General Public
- HPS Recommendations on Radiation Standards for Site Cleanup and Restoration
- NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION
- Regulations for Decommissioning of Licensed Facilities.
- Guidance on Disposal of Residual Thorium or Uranium
- DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
- Management and Disposal of Small Volumes of TENORM
- Management and Disposal of Larger Volumes of TENORM
- STATE STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
- INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
- COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES AND OTHER NATIONS
- TRANSFERABILITY OF STANDARDS
- 10 Comparison of Current Guidances for TENORM in the Environment
- INTRODUCTION
- INDOOR RADON
- TENORM OTHER THAN INDOOR RADON
- Guidances on Radiation Protection of the Public Applicable to TENORM
- Guidances for Specific Sources or Practices Involving TENORM
- Bases For Differences in Guidances
- SUMMARY
- 11 Issues in Developing Guidances for TENORM
- SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL BASES FOR GUIDANCES
- DIFFERENCES IN TECHNICAL APPROACHES TO RISK ASSESSMENT
- Differences Between Environmental Protection Agency and Nuclear Regulatory Commission Approaches to...
- Comments On Differences Between Environmental Protection Agency and Nuclear Regulatory Commission...
- Importance of Approaches to Risk Assessment for Guidances for TENORM
- Other Issues in Risk Assessment and Guidance Development
- POLICY-BASED DIFFERENCES IN GUIDANCES FOR TENORM
- Limit on Acceptable Dose
- Application of the Environmental Protection Agency's Groundwater-Protection Strategy to TENORM
- Differences Between Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Environmental Protection Agency Approaches to...
- Differences in Guidances for Indoor Radon
- Difference Between Environmental Protection Agency and National Council on Radiation Protection and...
- Treatment of Natural Background in Establishing Guidances
- IMPLICATIONS OF GUIDANCES FOR RISK ASSESSMENT
- 12 Conclusions and Recommendations
- CENTRAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE
- CONTEXT FOR REGULATION OF TENORM.
- RISK ASSESSMENT ISSUES UNDERLYING TENORM REGULATION
- RISK-MANAGEMENT ISSUES UNDERLYING TENORM GUIDELINES
- COMPARABILITY OF GUIDANCES AND REGULATIONS POTENTIALLY RELATED TO TENORM
- ISSUES RELATED TO BACKGROUND RADIATION
- REFERENCES
- Appendix
- RADIATION QUANTITIES AND UNITS DEFINITIONS ACRONYMS
- DEFINITIONS
- LIST OF ACRONYMS
- Information on Committee Members.
