Arsenic in drinking water
| Autor principal: | |
|---|---|
| Autor Corporativo: | |
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Washington, D.C. :
National Academy Press
c1999.
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| Edición: | 1st ed |
| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820329906719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Arsenic in Drinking Water
- Copyright
- Other Reports of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
- Preface
- Contents
- Executive Summary
- THE CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE
- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE
- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S EVALUATION
- Health Effects
- Recommendations
- Disposition (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion)
- Recommendations
- Mechanism or Mode of Action
- Recommendations
- Variation in Human Sensitivity
- Recommendations
- Other Considerations
- Recommendations
- RISK CHARACTERIZATION
- Recommendations
- 1 Introduction
- BACKGROUND
- SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES
- ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT
- REFERENCES
- 2 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 1988 Risk Assessment for Arsenic
- OVERVIEW OF THE EPA 1988 SPECIAL REPORT
- Hazard Identification
- Dose-Response Assessment
- Nutritional Essentiality
- EPA'S 1988 RISK ASSESSMENT: 10 YEARS LATER
- Data Limitations
- Estimating Risk in the United States
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 3 Chemistry and Analysis of Arsenic Species in Water, Food, Urine, Blood, Hair, and Nails
- SUMMARY OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER AND FOOD
- RELEVANT CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Is Arsenic Similar to Phosphorus?
- Affinity Of Arsenic For Sulfur
- Biomethylation of Arsenic
- Some Geo-chemical Considerations: Absorption and Redox
- Microbial Activity and Arsenic Mobilization
- Free Radical and Peroxy Species
- ANALYSIS OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
- Hydride Generation with Speciation
- Hidden Arsenic Species
- Arsenic(III) Species
- Chromatographic Separation of Involatile Arsenic Species
- Mass Spectrometry for Arsenic Speciation
- ARSENIC IN WATER
- Arsenic in Groundwater
- Arsenic in Fresh Surface Water
- Arsenic in Estuarine Water
- Practical Quantification Level for Arsenic in Drinking Water
- ARSENIC IN FOOD.
- Total-Arsenic Concentrations
- Studies of Arsenic Speciation in Food
- Higher-Level Speciation Studies of Food
- The Nature of Arsenic in Plants
- ARSENIC IN URINE, BLOOD, HAIR, AND NAILS
- Arsenic in Urine
- Total Arsenic in Urine
- Arsenic Species in Urine
- Collection and Storage of Urine Samples for Arsenic Speciation Analysis
- Arsenic Species in Blood
- Arsenic in Hair and Fingernails
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 4 Health Effects of Arsenic
- CANCER EFFECTS
- Ecological Studies
- Cohort Studies
- Case-Control Studies
- Occupational Studies
- NONCANCER EFFECTS
- Cutaneous Effects
- Gastrointestinal Effects
- Cardiovascular Effects
- Hematological Effects
- Pulmonary Effects
- Immunological Effects
- Neurological Effects
- Endocrinological Effects
- Reproductive and Developmental Effects
- Epidemiological Associations
- Animal Data
- Placental Transfer
- Pathogenesis and Possible Mechanisms of Teratogenesis
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 5 Disposition of Inorganic Arsenic
- ABSORPTION
- BIOTRANSFORMATION
- Arsenate Reduction and Arsenite Methylation
- Species Differences
- Factors Influencing the Metabolism of Arsenic
- TRANSPORTATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND ELIMINATION
- Transportation in Blood
- Tissue Distribution
- Intracellular Distribution
- Elimination
- KINETIC MODEL
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 6 Biomarkers of Arsenic Exposure
- ARSENIC IN URINE
- ARSENIC IN BLOOD
- ARSENIC IN HAIR AND NAILS
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 7 Mechanisms of Toxicity
- CANCER EFFECTS
- Results from Bioassays
- Inorganic Arsenic
- Monomethylarsonic Acid (MMA)
- Dimethylarsinic Acid (DMA)
- Relevance of Findings of Bioassays to Humans
- Mode of Action.
- Genotoxic Effects Induced by Arsenic Compounds
- Mutational Spectrum
- Comutagenicity
- DNA Methylation
- Oxidative Stress
- Cell Proliferation
- Arsenic-Induced Carcinogenicity and the Shape of Dose-Response Curve-A Mode-of-Action Approach
- NONCANCER EFFECTS
- Inhibitory Effects on Cellular Respiration
- Alterations in the Heme and Porphyrin Biosynthetic Pathways
- Alterations in Cellular Gene Expression-Stress Protein Induction
- Arsenic Toxicity and Metallothionein
- Arsine Gas Toxicity
- Interactions Between Arsenic and Other Common Toxic Metals
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 8 Variation in Human Sensitivity
- VARIATION IN ARSENIC METABOLISM
- Methodological Aspects
- Genetic Polymorphism
- Age, Sex, and Recreational Habits
- Effect of Dose
- Interindividual Variation
- NUTRITIONAL STATUS
- Methyl Group Donors
- Selenium
- Zinc
- Nutritional Status of Populations in Taiwan
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 9 Essentiality and Therapeutic Uses
- DEFINITION OF ESSENTIALITY
- EVIDENCE FOR ESSENTIALITY
- Physiological Importance
- Essentiality in Humans
- Goats and Minipigs
- Rats
- Chicks
- Data Consistency and Reproducibility
- Biochemical Mechanism of Action
- Dose Aspects
- THERAPEUTIC USES OF ARSENIC
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 10 Statistical Issues
- A REVIEW OF DOSE-RESPONSE MODELING AND RISK ASSESSMENT
- THE EPA 1988 ANALYSIS
- Sources of Uncertainty in the EPA 1988 Analysis
- PROBLEMS WITH RISK ASSESSMENT BASED ON ECOLOGICAL DATA
- INTERNAL-CANCER DATA FROM TAIWAN
- OTHER ISSUES
- DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 11 Risk Characterization
- REFERENCES
- Addendum to Chapter 9 Experimental Conditions for Nutritional Studies with Arsenic
- RATS AND CHICKS.
- Goats and Minipigs
- REFERENCES
- Addendum to Chapter 10 Table A10-1 Internal Cancer Data From Arsenic-exposure Studies Conducted Taiwan Region Endemic To...
- References.
