Evaluating AIDS prevention programs

Evaluating AIDS prevention programs

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: National Research Council (U.S.).
Corporate Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on the Evaluation of AIDS Interventions (-)
Other Authors: Coyle, Susan L. (-), Boruch, Robert F., Turner, Charles F.
Format: eBook
Language:Inglés
Published: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press 1991.
Edition:Expanded ed
Subjects:
AIDS (Disease) > Prevention > Evaluation > Methodology.
See on Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820324106719
Table of Contents:
  • Evaluating AIDS Prevention Programs
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • NOTE ON CONTRIBUTIONS
  • Contents
  • Summary
  • BACKGROUND
  • EVALUATION: NEEDS AND IMPLEMENTATION
  • OUTCOMES
  • THE MEDIA CAMPAIGN
  • COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS
  • HIV TESTING AND COUNSELING
  • RANDOMIZED AND OBSERVATIONAL APPROACHES TO EVALUATION
  • SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS
  • All AIDS Intervention Programs
  • National AIDS Media Campaign
  • Community-Based Organizations
  • Testing and Counseling
  • 1 Design and Implementation of Evaluation Research
  • TYPES OF EVALUATION
  • EVALUATION RESEARCH DESIGN
  • Process Evaluation Designs
  • Outcome Evaluation Designs
  • Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
  • Randomized Experiments
  • Rationale
  • Pitfalls
  • Unit of Assignment
  • Choice of Methods
  • THE MANAGEMENT OF EVALUATION
  • Project Selection
  • Research Administration
  • Conducting the Research
  • Independent Oversight
  • Agency In-House Team
  • Interagency Collaboration
  • Costs of Evaluation
  • REFERENCES
  • 2 Measurement of Outcomes
  • PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
  • OUTCOMES FOR EVALUATIONS OF HIV PREVENTION PROGRAMS
  • Biological Outcomes
  • Strengths and Weaknesses of Biological Outcomes
  • Behavioral Outcomes
  • Primary Prevention Behaviors
  • Risk Reduction
  • Protective Behaviors
  • Complementary Prevention Behaviors
  • Strengths and Weaknesses of Behavioral Outcomes
  • Psychological Outcomes
  • Strengths and Weaknesses of Psychological Outcomes
  • EVALUATION MEASURES
  • Timing of Measurement
  • Quality of Measures
  • REFERENCES
  • 3 Evaluating Media Campaigns
  • BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
  • FORMATIVE EVALUATION: WHAT WORKS BETTER?
  • Step 1: Idea Generation
  • Step 2: Concept Testing
  • Step 3: The Positioning Statement
  • Step 4: Copy Testing
  • Methodological Issues
  • Resources and Aspirations.
  • EFFICACY TRIALS: CAN THE CAMPAIGN MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
  • Randomized Experiments
  • Methodological Issues
  • Resources and Aspirations
  • PROCESS EVALUATION: WHAT IS ACTUALLY DELIVERED?
  • Methodological Issues
  • Resources and Aspirations
  • OUTCOME EVALUATION: DOES THE CAMPAIGN MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
  • Randomized Experiments
  • The National Health Interview Survey
  • Hotline Calls
  • Other Archival Sources
  • Methodological Issues
  • Effectiveness Evaluation of Current Activities
  • Effectiveness Evaluation of Future Activities
  • Problems with Sources of Data
  • The NHIS and Other Surveys
  • Hotline Calls and Other Archival Data
  • Resources and Aspirations
  • REFERENCES
  • 4 Evaluating Health Education and Risk Reduction Projects
  • BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
  • WHAT SERVICES ARE DELIVERED?
  • Case Studies of a Sample of Projects
  • Sample
  • Data Collection
  • Analysis
  • Standardized Administrative Reporting
  • A Census or Sample Survey
  • Recommended Combination of Strategies
  • Methodological Issues
  • Resources and Aspirations
  • DO THE PROJECTS MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
  • Before-and-After Evaluation Designs
  • Randomized Field Studies
  • Methodological Issues
  • Resources and Aspirations
  • WHAT WORKS BETTER?
  • REFERENCES
  • 5 Evaluating HIV Testing and Counseling Projects
  • BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
  • HOW WELL ARE SERVICES DELIVERED?
  • A Site Services Inventory
  • Client Surveys
  • Population Surveys
  • Case Studies Using Direct Observation
  • Methodological Issues
  • Resources and Aspirations
  • OPTIONS FOR EVALUATING WHETHER HIV TESTING AND COUNSELING SERVICES MAKE A DIFFERENCE
  • WHAT WORKS BETTER?
  • Randomized Experiments of Alternative Treatments
  • Unit of Assignment
  • Experimental Regimens
  • Service Delivery Setting
  • Content, Duration, and Intensity of Counseling
  • Additional Services
  • Methodological Issues.
  • Resources and Aspirations
  • REFERENCES
  • 6 Randomized and Observational Approaches to Evaluating the Effectiveness of AIDS Prevention Programs
  • OVERVIEW
  • Choosing Among Strategies
  • RANDOMIZED EXPERIMENTATION
  • The Power of Experiments: An Example
  • Compromised Randomization
  • Attrition
  • Compliance
  • Spillover
  • Compensatory Behavior
  • Salvaging Compromised Experiments
  • When Should Randomized Experiments Be Considered?
  • Is a Randomized Experiment Appropriate?
  • What Is Being Asked?
  • Timeliness
  • Is It Feasible?
  • Affordability
  • Resources for Evaluation
  • Acceptability
  • Logistics of Randomized Assignment
  • DESIGNING COMPARABILITY INTO NONRANDOMIZED STUDIES
  • Quasi-Experiments
  • Interrupted Time Series
  • Assumptions
  • Data Needs
  • Inferences
  • Regression Discontinuity or Regression Displacement
  • Assumptions.
  • Data Needs
  • Inferences
  • Existing Data Sources for Use in Quasi-Experimental Designs
  • The Neonatal Screening Survey.
  • The National Health Interview Survey
  • Natural Experiments
  • Identifying Natural Experiments
  • Assumptions of Natural Experiments
  • Data Needs of Natural Experiments
  • Matching Without Randomization
  • Prospective Nonrandomized Matching
  • Retrospective Nonrandomized Matching
  • Assumptions
  • Data Needs
  • Inferences
  • Existing Data Sources for Matching Without Randomization
  • Cohorts of Gay Men
  • Cohorts of Intravenous Drug Users
  • MODELING AND STATISTICAL ADJUSTMENTS FOR BIAS
  • Analysis of Covariance
  • Assumptions
  • Data Needs
  • Inferences
  • Structural Equation and Selection Models
  • Structural Equation Models
  • Selection Models
  • Selection Models and Natural Experiments
  • Selection Modeling and Historical Controls
  • Assumptions of Modeling
  • Data Needs of Models
  • Inferences from Modeling
  • The Role of Models.
  • WHEN SHOULD NONRANDOMIZED APPROACHES BE CONSIDERED?
  • INTERPRETING EVALUATION RESULTS
  • Randomized Experiments
  • Nonrandomized Methods
  • Accessibility of Assumptions
  • Interpretation
  • REFERENCES
  • Appendixes
  • A Collaborative Contracting Strategy
  • References
  • B Oversight and Coordination Strategy
  • The Project Review Team
  • Operations
  • Summary and Discussion
  • References
  • C Methodological Issues in AIDS Surveys
  • Introduction
  • Fallibility of Measurement in Other Sciences
  • Recruitment of Respondents in Sex and Seroprevalence Surveys
  • Scope of the Review
  • Participation in Sex Surveys
  • Data Collection Procedures and Response Rates
  • Survey Configurations Associated with High Response Rates
  • Use of Telephone Surveys
  • Participation in Seroprevalence Surveys
  • Nonresponse Bias in Sex and Seroprevalence Surveys
  • Nonsampling Issues in Aids Surveys
  • Terms and Concepts
  • Survey Measurement of Sexual Behaviors
  • Overview
  • Inference in the Presence of Bias
  • Assumption of Constant Bias in Measurements
  • Approaches to Validation
  • Validation Using STD Rates
  • Psychometric Approaches to Validity
  • Empirical Studies of Sexual Behaviors
  • Validation
  • Partner Reports
  • Other Validation Techniques
  • Replication of Surveys on Samples of the Same Population
  • Proportion of Teenagers Who Are Sexually Active
  • Number of Sexual Partners Reported by Adults
  • Replication of Measurements Using Same Respondents
  • Empirical Studies of Drug-Using Behaviors
  • Accuracy of Self-Reports of Drug Use Behaviors
  • Measurement Bias
  • Summary of Findings
  • Feasibility
  • Replicability
  • Validity
  • Reliability
  • Improving Validity and Reliability
  • Literacy
  • Alternatives to Self-Reports
  • Physical Evidence
  • Skills Demonstrations
  • Other Safeguards for Surveys
  • Randomized Response Techniques
  • Pilot Studies.
  • Pretests
  • Cognitive Research Strategies
  • Ethnographic Studies
  • Examples of Studies Related to HIV Transmission
  • Male-Male Sexual Contacts
  • Variation in Drug Use Patterns
  • Ethnographic Methods
  • Ethnographic Methods in AIDS Research
  • Findings of Ethnographic Research on AIDS
  • Gaps and Deficiencies in Current Ethnographic Research
  • Recommendations
  • References
  • D Sampling and Randomization: Technical Questions about Evaluating CDC's Three Major AIDS Prevention Programs
  • Sampling Issues
  • Number of Case Studies
  • Estimating Sample Sizes
  • Controlling Attrition
  • Confidentiality Guarantees
  • Compensation
  • Stabilization Funds
  • Cultivating and Tracking Respondents
  • Personnel for Tracking Respondents
  • Modeling Attrition
  • Convenience and Probability Sampling
  • Sample Studies of Gay and Bisexual Men
  • Sample Studies of Intravenous Drug Users
  • Randomization
  • Examples of Randomized Experiments
  • The Ethics of No-treatment Controls
  • References
  • E Ancillary, Emerging, and Related Projects
  • Evaluating Clearinghouse Materials
  • Background and Objectives
  • Does It Work?
  • What Works Better?
  • Evaluating Referral Services of the Counseling and Testing Program
  • Monitoring Services at Non-CDC Testing Sites
  • References
  • F The Use of Selection Modeling to Evaluate AIDS Interventions with Observational Data
  • I. Introduction
  • II. Historical Development of Econometric Methods for Program Evaluation
  • III. The Statistics of Program Evaluation with Observational Data
  • The Problem
  • Solutions
  • Solution 1: Identifying Variables ("Z's")
  • Solution 2: Parametric Distributional Assumptions on
  • Solution 3: Availability of Cohort Data
  • The Relationship between Data Availability and Testing of Assumptions
  • IV. Application to Aids Interventions
  • The Search for Z's
  • Collection of Histories.
  • V. Summary and Conclusions.

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