Arsenic in drinking water : 2001 update

Arsenic in drinking water 2001 update

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: National Research Council (U.S.).
Corporate Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Arsenic in Drinking Water (-)
Format: eBook
Language:Inglés
Published: Washington, DC : National Academy Press c2001.
Edition:1st ed
Subjects:
Drinking water > Contamination > United States.
Drinking water > Arsenic content.
Arsenic > Toxicology > United States.
Arsenic > Environmental aspects.
See on Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820321906719
Table of Contents:
  • Arsenic in Drinking Water
  • Copyright
  • OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Summary
  • CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE
  • THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE
  • THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S EVALUATION
  • Epidemiological (Human) Studies
  • Metabolism and Mode-of-Action Studies
  • Variability and Uncertainty in an Arsenic Risk Assessment
  • Quantitative Evaluation of Arsenic Toxicity
  • Research Needs
  • OVERALL CONCLUSIONS
  • 1 Introduction
  • SUMMARY OF THE NRC'S 1999 ARSENIC IN DRINKING WATER REPORT
  • POLICY BACKGROUND
  • Summary of EPA's Actions
  • CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE
  • ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT
  • REFERENCES
  • 2 Human Health Effects
  • SUMMARY OF HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS DISCUSSED IN THE 1999 REPORT
  • RECENT STUDIES OF NONCANCER EFFECTS IN HUMANS
  • Cardiovascular Effects
  • Dermal Effects
  • Reproductive and Developmental Effects
  • Neurological Effects
  • Respiratory Effects
  • Hepatotoxic Effects
  • Hematological Effects
  • Diabetes
  • RECENT STUDIES OF CANCER EFFECTS IN HUMANS
  • General Issues with Exposure Measurement
  • Chiou et al. 2001 Study
  • Ferreccio et al. 2000 Study
  • Lewis et al. 1999 Study
  • Tsai et al. 1999 Study
  • Kurttio et al. 1999 Study
  • Karagas et al. 2001 Study
  • Tucker et al. 2001 Study
  • LATENCY PERIOD
  • ESSENTIALITY
  • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 3 Experimental Studies
  • SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES DISCUSSED IN THE 1999 REPORT
  • TOXICOKINETICS
  • Methylation of Arsenic
  • Species Differences in the Methylation of Arsenic
  • Tissue Differences in the Methylation of Arsenic
  • Induction of Arsenic Methyltransferases
  • Trivalent Methylated Arsenic Metabolites
  • ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES
  • Animal Bioassays
  • Species Differences in Toxicity
  • Developmental Toxicity Studies
  • MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY.
  • Relative Toxicity of Different Forms of Arsenic
  • Induction of Mutations and Chromosomal Abberations
  • Alterations in Signal Transduction, Cell-Cycle Control, Differentiation, and Apoptosis
  • Cell Signaling
  • Apoptosis, Cytotoxicity, and Anticancer Activity
  • Induction of Oxidative Stress
  • Alterations in Gene Expression
  • Resistance and Tolerance to Arsenic Cytotoxicity
  • Implications of Mode-of-Action Studies of Arsenic in Drinking Water to Human Carcinogenesis
  • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 4 Variability and Uncertainty
  • VARIABILITY VERSUS UNCERTAINTY
  • VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTIES DISCUSSED IN THE 1999 REPORT
  • SOURCES OF VARIABILITY
  • Exposure
  • Per Capita Water Consumption
  • Water Consumption in the U.S. Population
  • Water Consumption in the Taiwanese Study Population
  • Consideration of Infants and Children
  • Susceptibility from Exposure Differences
  • Intrinsic Susceptibility
  • Variability in Arsenic Metabolism
  • Genetic Polymorphisms Related to Arsenic Metabolism
  • Population Variations in Arsenic Metabolism
  • Interindividual Variation in Arsenic Metabolism
  • Effect of Dose on Arsenic Methylation
  • Effect of Other Chemicals on Arsenic Methylation
  • Metabolic Variability, Tissue Retention, and Health Effects
  • SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY
  • Dose Metrics and Model Uncertainty
  • Exposure to Arsenic in Food and Effect of Diet and Nutrition
  • Other Uncertainties
  • VALUE-OF-INFORMATION APPROACH
  • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 5 Quantitative Assessment of Risks Using Modeling Approaches
  • OVERVIEW OF THE SCIENCE UNDERLYING EPA'S 2001 PROPOSED REGULATION
  • Hazard Identification
  • Choice of End Point
  • Dose-Response Modeling
  • Model Choice and Selection of a Comparison Group
  • Adjustments for Water Intake
  • Adjustments for Dietary Intake of Arsenic.
  • Adjustments for Mortality Versus Incidence
  • OVERVIEW OF THE SAB'S REPORT ON THE 2001 RISK ASSESSMENT
  • Inorganic Arsenic As Principal Form of Arsenic Causing Health Effects
  • Implications of Exposure to Natural Arsenic Through Food
  • Health Advisory on Low-Arsenic Water and Infant Formula
  • SAB's Comments on EPA's Interpretation of the NRC Report
  • THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S EVALUATION
  • Choice of End Point and Study
  • Quantitative Risk Estimates
  • BEIR IV
  • Statistical Analyses and Dose-Response Modeling
  • Model Choice
  • Use of a Comparison Population
  • Functional Form of Dose-Response Relationship
  • Impact of Dietary Intake of Arsenic
  • Impact of Variability in Drinking-Water Intake
  • Effects of Exposure-Measurement Error
  • Mortality Versus Incidence
  • Calculated Risk Estimates
  • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 6 Hazard Assessment
  • FINDINGS OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE
  • COMPARISONS OF RESULTS OF DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENTS
  • Estimates of Effective Dose for a 1% Response: ED01
  • Cancer Risk Estimates
  • PLAUSIBILITY OF CANCER RISK ESTIMATES
  • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES.

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