Valuing health risks, costs, and benefits for environmental decision making : report of a conference

Valuing health risks, costs, and benefits for environmental decision making report of a conference

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores Corporativos: National Research Council (U.S.). Steering Committee on Valuing Health Risks, Costs, and Benefits for Environmental Decisions (-), National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
Otros Autores: Hammond, P. Brett (-), Coppock, Rob
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press 1990.
Edición:1st ed
Materias:
Health risk assessment.
Cost effectiveness.
Environmental health > United States.
Environmental policy > United States.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820308506719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Valuing Health Risks, Costs, and Benefits for Environmental Decision Making
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Executive Summary
  • 1 Introduction
  • RISK ASSESSMENT AND BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS
  • REGULATORY PRACTICE
  • CONTINUING ISSUES
  • Contextual And Legal Constraints
  • Approaches To Analysis
  • How Much Information?
  • Handling Uncertainty
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
  • 2 The Making Of Cruel Choices
  • 3 The Politics Of Benefit-Cost Analysis
  • ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS
  • Thinking Like Lawyers
  • Ravenous Bureaucrats
  • Media Hype
  • Public Opinion And Political Culture
  • CONGRESS: KEYSTONE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ESTABLISHMENT
  • Omb: The Eye of The Storm
  • The Health-Only Canard
  • THE FEDERAL COURTS
  • Rule-Making Procedures
  • Reading Statutes
  • REGULATORY AGENCIES
  • ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
  • 4 Benefit-Cost Analysis As A Source Of Information About Welfare
  • SCOPE AND COMPREHENSIVENESS
  • MEASURING COSTS AND BENEFITS AT PARTICULAR POINTS IN TIME
  • Diminishing Marginal Utility In The Intrapersonal Case
  • Diminishing Marginal Utility In The Interpersonal Case
  • Preferences Involving Poor Information Or Other Cognitive Defects
  • Preferences Not Related To Welfare
  • The Absence Of Appropriate Markets
  • MEASURING COSTS AND BENEFITS OVER TIME
  • When Saving Is Optimal
  • When Saving Is Not Optimal
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • REFERENCES
  • 5 Comparing Values In Environmental Policies: Moral Issues And Moral Arguments
  • METHODS OF REASONING ABOUT MORALITY
  • Empirical Approaches To Moral Issues
  • Arguing From Theory or Basic Doctrines
  • VALUING AND DISCOUNTING LIVES IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES
  • THE SOCIAL DISCOUNT RATE
  • SHOULD LIVES BE DISCOUNTED?
  • Democracy And Consumer Sovereignty
  • Excessive Sacrifice
  • Indefinite Delay
  • A Paradox
  • WHAT SHOULD THE DISCOUNT RATE BE?
  • PUTTING A PRICE ON LIFE.
  • CONCLUSION
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  • REFERENCES
  • 6 Environmental Policy Making: Act Now Or Wait For More Information?
  • IRREVERSIBILITY AND THE BIAS TOWARD WAITING
  • WAITING AND SUNKEN COSTS
  • Diesel Emissions
  • Cyanazine
  • Ethylene Dibromide
  • REGULATION AS RESEARCH
  • CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS
  • CONCLUDING COMMENTS
  • REFERENCES
  • 7 Choice Under Uncertainty: Problems Solved And Unsolved
  • THE EXPECTED UTILITY MODEL
  • The Classical Perspective: Cardinal Utility And Attitudes Toward Risk
  • A Modern Perspective: Linearity In The Probabilities As A Testable Hypothesis
  • VIOLATIONS OF LINEARITY IN TILE PROBABILITIES
  • The Allais Paradox And "Fanning Out
  • Additional Evidence Of Fanning Out
  • Non-Expected Utility Models Of Preferences
  • THE PREFERENCE REVERSAL PHENOMENON
  • The Evidence
  • Two Interpretations Of This Phenomenon
  • Implications Of The Economic World View
  • Implications Of The Psychological World View
  • FRAMING EFFECTS
  • Evidence
  • Two Issues Regarding Framing
  • Framing Effects And Economic Analysis: Has This Problem Already Been Solved?
  • OTHER ISSUES: IS PROBABILITY THEORY RELEVANT?
  • The Manipulation Of Subjective Probabilities
  • The Existence Of Subjective Probabilities
  • Life (And Economic Analysis) Without Probability Theory
  • IMPLICATIONS FOR PRIVATE AND PUBLIC DECISION MAKING
  • IMPLICATIONS FOR PRIVATE-SECTOR DECISION ANALYSIS
  • Implications for Public Decision Making
  • Public and Corporate Obligations in the Presentation of Information
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  • EDITORS' NOTE
  • REFERENCES
  • 8 Conclusions
  • THE CONTEXT OF DECISION MAKING
  • APPROACH
  • PROCEDURE
  • SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
  • DECISION MAKING
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • Appendix Setting National Standards For Inorganic Arsenic Emissions From Primary Copper Smelters: A Case Study
  • RISK ASSESSMENT: QUANTIFYING CANCER RISKS
  • Estimated Dose Response.
  • Estimated Public Exposure
  • Estimated Individual And Population Risks
  • Uncertainties In Risk Characterization
  • Exposure For An Entire Lifetime
  • Early Lifetime Exposure
  • Use of Census Data
  • Assumption of No Latency Period
  • Exclusion of Other Health Effects
  • Evaluation of Risk Assessment
  • RISK MANAGEMENT: EXAMINING THE CONSEQUENCES
  • Emissions and Risk Reductions
  • Remaining Exposure and Risks
  • Costs and Economic Impacts
  • Economic Cost-Effectiveness
  • Economic Efficiency
  • Equity
  • FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SETTING A STANDARD
  • How Should Health Risk Be Characterized?
  • What Constitutes a Significant Risk?
  • What Constitutes an Appropriate Balance Between Costs and Risks?
  • How Should Single-Decision Criteria Be Explicitly Integrated?
  • Is Any Balance Between Costs and Risks Consistent with EPA's Legislative Mandate?
  • EPA'S ACTUAL REGULATORY DECISION FOR INORGANIC ARSENIC EMISSIONS FROM PRIMARY COPPER SMELTERS
  • REFERENCES.

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