Pesticides in the diets of infants and children

Pesticides in the diets of infants and children

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: National Research Council (U.S.).
Autor Corporativo: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (-)
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press 1993.
Edición:1st ed
Materias:
Pediatric toxicology.
Pesticide residues in food > United States.
Pesticides > Toxicology.
Infant formulas > Contamination.
Food contamination.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820307406719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • PESTICIDES in the DIETS OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Executive Summary
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • Age-Related Variation in Susceptibility and Toxicity
  • Age-Related Differences in Exposure
  • A New Approach to Risk Assessment for Infants and Children
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • 1 Background and Approach to the Study
  • PESTICIDE USE
  • PESTICIDE CONTROL LEGISLATION
  • APPROACH TO THE STUDY
  • REFERENCES
  • 2 Special Characteristics of Children
  • GROWTH
  • Normal Human Growth
  • Human Compared to Animal Infants
  • Toxicologic Implications of Growth in Cell Numbers and Size
  • Toxicologic Implications of the Growth and Development of Organs
  • Toxicologic Implications of Changes in Body Composition
  • DEVELOPMENT
  • Genetics, Development, and the Environment
  • Metabolism
  • Developmental Toxicity Studies
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Conclusions
  • Recommendations
  • REFERENCES
  • 3 Perinatal and Pediatric Toxicity
  • ACUTE TOXICITY
  • NEUROTOXICITY
  • Postnatal Effects of Neurotoxicants
  • Measuring Neurotoxic Effects in Humans
  • The Lead Model
  • Pesticides as Neurotoxicants
  • Effects of Pesticides in Children
  • Levels of Pesticides Affecting Children
  • Comparability of Neurotoxicity Effects in Laboratory Animals
  • IMMUNOTOXICITY
  • Effects of Environmental Agents on the Immune System
  • Animal Studies
  • Studies in Humans
  • CARCINOGENESIS AND MUTAGENESIS
  • Carcinogenesis in the Developing Organism
  • Animal Studies
  • Human Studies
  • METABOLISM AND PHARMACOKINETICS
  • Dermal and Pulmonary Exposure
  • Oral Exposure
  • Absorption
  • Other Factors Affecting Oral Absorption
  • Distribution and Uptake of Chemicals
  • Retention
  • Metabolism of Xenobiotic Compounds
  • Excretion
  • SCALING AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS
  • Body Weight
  • Other Effects of Body Size
  • Surface Area
  • Metabolic Rate
  • Regression Analysis.
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Conclusions
  • Recommendations
  • REFERENCES
  • 4 Methods for Toxicity Testing
  • CURRENT METHODS: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
  • ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES
  • General Description
  • EPA's Proposed Changes
  • SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES
  • General Description
  • EPA's Proposed Changes
  • CHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES
  • General Description
  • EPA's Proposed Changes
  • DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY STUDIES
  • General Description
  • EPA's Proposed Changes
  • REPRODUCTION STUDIES
  • General Description
  • EPA's Proposed Changes
  • MUTAGENICITY STUDIES
  • General Description
  • EPA's Proposed Changes
  • GENERAL METABOLISM STUDIES
  • General Description
  • EPA's Proposed Changes
  • NEUROTOXICITY STUDIES
  • General Description
  • EPA's Proposed Changes
  • SPECIAL TESTING
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Conclusions
  • Recommendations
  • REFERENCES
  • 5 Food and Water Consumption
  • FOOD CONSUMPTION SURVEYS
  • SURVEY METHODOLOGY
  • Retrospective Methods
  • The 24-Hour (or 1-Day) Recall Method
  • Food Frequency Questionnaires
  • Prospective Methods
  • Food Records or Diaries
  • Combined Retrospective and Prospective Methods
  • Methods Used in USDA Surveys
  • SURVEY DESIGN
  • SAMPLE WEIGHTS
  • SAMPLE SIZE
  • COMPARISONS OF INTAKE DATA WITH STANDARDS
  • VALIDATION OF FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA
  • THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA BASES IN ESTIMATING PESTICIDE EXPOSURE OF CHILDREN
  • WATER INTAKE
  • Dietary Sources of Water
  • Water Intake Estimates
  • QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMPTION DATA
  • AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN DIETARY PATTERNS
  • ISSUES RELATED TO THE EVALUATION OF FOOD MONITORING DATA
  • Differences in Consumption Among Age Groups
  • Differences in Consumption within Age Groups
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Conclusions
  • Recommendations
  • REFERENCES
  • 6 Pesticide Residues
  • SOURCES OF DATA ON USAGE.
  • THE OCCURRENCE AND FATE OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES
  • PESTICIDE REGISTRATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL METHODS
  • Interregional Project Number 4
  • Universities and the ARS
  • METHODS FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
  • Sampling
  • Analysis
  • Single Residue Methods
  • Multiresidue Methods
  • Criteria for Selecting a Method
  • Single Residue Methods or Multiresidue Methods?
  • Breadth of Applicability
  • Detection Limits
  • Accuracy and Precision
  • Speed and Cost
  • Instrumentation
  • Validation
  • MONITORING
  • Federal Activities
  • State Activities
  • Food Processing Industry Activities
  • Private Laboratories
  • QUALITY CONTROLS
  • LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA
  • Sources of Error
  • Other Limitations
  • PESTICIDES IN WATER
  • Groundwater
  • Surface Water
  • The Importance of Water Data to Infants and Children
  • PESTICIDES IN INFANT FORMULA
  • Infant Formula Based on Cow's Milk
  • Soy-Based Infant Formula
  • Theoretical Maximum Residue Contributions
  • PESTICIDES IN HUMAN MILK
  • DDT and Metabolites
  • Dieldrin
  • Lindane
  • Hexachlorobenzene
  • Other Cyclodiene Pesticides
  • Risks to Infants from Pesticides in Human Milk
  • PESTICIDES IN FOODS
  • The FDA Surveillance Data
  • Number of FDA Samples
  • Positive Detections
  • Residue Levels
  • Residue Distribution
  • Effects of Processing
  • Apple-Based Foods
  • Infant Cereal
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Conclusions
  • Recommendations
  • REFERENCES
  • 7 Estimating Exposures
  • THE USED OF FOOD CONSUMPTION AND RESIDUE DATA FOR EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
  • Food Consumption Data
  • Average Levels of Consumption
  • Peak Levels of Consumption
  • Residue Monitoring
  • Combining Residue and Exposure Data
  • LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO BENOMYL
  • The Compound
  • The Consumption Data
  • The Residue Data
  • Estimation of Exposure
  • The Manufacturer's Field Trials
  • The Manufacturer's Market Basket Survey.
  • FDA Surveillance Data
  • The Food Industry
  • A Certification Business
  • Summary
  • SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE TO ALDICARB
  • The Compound
  • Acute Effects of Dietary Aldicarb Exposure
  • The Consumption Data
  • The Residue Data
  • Effects of Assumptions Regarding Residues Below the LOQ
  • Estimating Dietary Exposure
  • Summary
  • MULTIPLE EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT: ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDES
  • Cholinesterase Inhibition
  • Relative Potency of Organophosphates
  • Food Consumption Data
  • Residue Data
  • Exposure Analysis
  • Summary
  • NONDIETARY EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES
  • Exposure via Parents
  • Exposure Through Air
  • Outdoor Air
  • Indoor Air
  • Exposure via Contaminated Surfaces
  • Home-Use Products
  • Pet Products
  • Playground Equipment
  • Exposure via Medications and Personal Products
  • N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide
  • Lindane and Malathion
  • Lanolin
  • Occupational Exposures
  • Exposure via Accidental Ingestion
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Conclusions
  • Recommendations
  • REFERENCES
  • 8 Estimating the Risks
  • GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RISK ASSESSMENT
  • Toxicological Risk Assessment
  • Cancer Risk Estimation
  • Additivity to Background and Low-Dose Linearity
  • Nonlinearity at High Doses
  • Molecular Dosimetry
  • Mathematical Modeling of Cancer Risk
  • Species Conversion
  • Benchmark Dose
  • RISK ASSESSMENT FOR INFANTS AND CHILDREN
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pregnancy, Lactation, and Nursing
  • Neurotoxicity
  • Multiple Exposures
  • Inert Ingredients
  • Considerations Specific to Children
  • Exposure and Low Socioeconomic Status
  • Age-Dependent Toxicity
  • Genetic Susceptibility
  • Polymorphism in Metabolism
  • Chronic Medical Conditions
  • Interactions with Medication
  • Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
  • Antiepileptic Pharmaceuticals
  • Other Pharmaceuticals
  • Carcinogenesis
  • Factors That Might Increase Risk of Cancer Among Infants and Children.
  • Effects of Age-Dependent Exposures
  • Consumption and Exposure Data
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Conclusions
  • Recommendations
  • REFERENCES
  • Index.

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