The role of protein and amino acids in sustaining and enhancing performance
| Autor Corporativo: | |
|---|---|
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Washington, D.C. :
National Academy Press
1999.
|
| Edición: | 1st ed |
| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820302506719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- The Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance
- Copyright
- Preface
- HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE
- FOCUS OF THE REPORT
- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- Contents
- Executive Summary
- COMMITTEE'S TASK
- METHODS
- FINDINGS
- Effect of Stressors on Protein Requirements of Military Personnel
- Baseline Protein and Amino Acid Requirements
- Physical Activity
- Infection, Injury, and Illness
- Other Stressors
- THE MRDA FOR PROTEIN
- Pregnancy and Lactation
- Benefits and Risks of Protein and Amino Acid Supplements and Alternative Sources of Dietary Protein
- Protein and Amino Acid Supplements and Cognitive Performance
- Protein, Amino Acids, Muscle Mass, and Physical Performance
- Protein, Amino Acids, and Immune Function
- Issues of Protein Quality and Timing of Consumption
- Dietary Protein and Renal Function
- Dietary Protein and Calcium Status
- Amino Acid Toxicity
- Protein and Amino Acid Supplements and Pregnancy
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Effects of Stressors on Protein Requirements
- Military Recommended Dietary Allowances for Protein
- Benefits and Risks of Supplemental Protein, Amine Acids, and Alternative Sources of Dietary Protein
- REFERENCES
- I Committee Summary and Recommendations
- 1 Committee Overview
- INTRODUCTION
- THE ARMY'S INTEREST IN DIETARY PROTEIN AND PROTEIN BALANCE
- ESTIMATION OF PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS
- Protein Metabolism
- Methods for Assessment of Protein Requirements
- FAO/WHO/UNU Requirements and RDAs: Current Estimates of Average Protein Intake
- Importance of the Debate over Indispensable Amino Acid Requirements
- Argument for Higher Indispensable Amine Acid Requirements
- Argument Against Higher Indispensable Amino Acid Requirements
- The Rebuttal
- Resolution of the Debate.
- STRESSORS THAT INFLUENCE PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS
- Physical Activity and Energy Restriction
- Exercise and Amino Acid Catabolism
- Contractile Activity and Muscle Protein Turnover
- Energy Balance and Protein Requirements
- Infection, Injury, and Illness
- Other Stressors
- Heat
- Cold and High Altitude
- Combined Stressors
- THE MRDA FOR PROTEIN
- Protein Intake Studies of Military Personnel
- Pregnancy, Lactation, and the MRDA for Protein
- Summary
- PERFORMANCE BENEFITS AND HEALTH RISKS OF SUPPLEMENTAL PROTEIN, AMINOACIDS, AND PLANT PROTEINS
- Supplement Use Among Army Personnel
- Protein and Amine Acid Supplements and Cognitive Performance
- Tryptophan
- Tyrosine
- Protein, Amino Acids, Muscle Mass, and Physical Performance
- Measurement of Muscle Mass
- Control of Muscle Mass and Function
- Hormonal Interactions
- Catabolic Hormones
- Effects of Protein, Energy, and Amine Acid Supplementation on Physical Performance
- Protein and Energy Intake in Long-Distance Cyclists
- The Fatigue Theory
- Amine Acids and Immune Function
- Issues of Protein Quality and Timing of Consumption
- Potential Benefits of Plant and Legume Proteins
- Effects of Timing of Protein Intake
- Risks Associated with High-Protein Diets and Supplements
- Protein and Renal Function
- Protein and Calcium Status
- Toxicity of Amino Acid Supplements
- REFERENCES
- 2 Responses to Questions, Conclusions, and Recommendations
- REFERENCES
- II AUTHORED PAPERS AND WORKSHOP DISCUSSIONS
- 3 Protein and Amino Acids: Physiological Optimization for Current and Future Military Operational Scenarios
- INTRODUCTION
- REFERENCES
- 4 Overview of Garrison, Field, and Supplemental Protein Intake by U.S. Military Personnel
- INTRODUCTION
- PROTEIN AVAILABILITY FROM OPERATIONAL RATIONS
- HISTORIC RATION INTAKE
- CURRENT RATION INTAKE.
- Energy and Protein Intakes of Military Men
- Energy and Protein Intakes of Military Women
- DETERMINATION OF PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATIONAL RATIONS
- SUPPLEMENT INTAKE
- AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 5 The Energy Costs of Protein Metabolism: Lean and Mean on Uncle Sam's Team
- ORIGIN OF THE WORD "PROTEIN
- FUNCTIONS OF BODY PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS
- PROTEIN METABOLISM AS AN ENERGY-REQUIRING PROCESS
- ENERGY COSTS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND REGULATION
- ENERGY COSTS OF PROTEIN BREAKDOWN
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- DISCUSSION
- 6 Regulation of Muscle Mass and Function: Effects of Aging and Hormones
- INTRODUCTION
- SARCOPENIA OF AGING
- HORMONAL EFFECTS ON MUSCLE PROTEIN
- Insulin
- Growth Hormone and IGF-I
- Sex Steroids
- CATABOLIC HORMONES (GLUCAGON, CORTISOL, EPINEPHRINE, AND THYROID HORMONES)
- SUBSTRATES AND NUTRITION
- AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- DISCUSSION
- 7 Effects of Protein Intake on Renal Function and on the Development of Renal Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- NEPHROLITHIASIS
- Calcium Excretion and Calcium-Containing Stones
- Calcium Intake
- Determinants of Calcium Clearance
- Patterns of Urinary Excretion in Stone Formers
- Uric Acid Stones
- Prophylactic Treatment of Nephrolithiasis
- ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
- PROTEIN INTAKE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS
- AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- DISCUSSION
- 8 Infection and Injury: Effects on Whole Body Protein Metabolism
- BACKGROUND AND GENERAL RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS
- THE TRANSLOCATION OF NITROGEN FROM CARCASS TO VISCERA
- REGULATORS OF THE TRANSLOCATION OF PROTEIN
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- DISCUSSION
- 9 Inherent Difficulties in Defining Amino Acid Requirements
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND TO THE CURRENT CONTROVERSY
- METABOLIC BACKGROUND
- Obligatory Metabolic Demand.
- Obligatory Metabolic Demands and Obligatory Oxidative Losses
- Use of the Obligative Oxidative Loss Pattern to Predict a Requirement Pattern
- Animal Data for the Pattern of the Obligatory Metabolic Demand
- The Adaptive Component of the Metabolic Demand
- Diurnal Cycling: A Qualitative Influence on Metabolic Demand?
- Summary of the Metabolic Demand for Indispensable Amine Acids
- FAO REQUIREMENT VALUES AND N BALANCE STUDIES
- Are There Robust N Balance Data that Support the FAO Requirement Values?
- Biological Value of Plant Proteins in Human N Balance Trials
- Adjustment of the Food and Agriculture Organization Requirement Values
- Stable Isotope Estimates of Requirement Values
- Toronto "Break Point" Studies
- Functional Indicators of Adequacy of Intakes Allowing Zero Balance
- Protein Turnover
- Other Metabolic Influences of Amino Acids
- AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- DISCUSSION
- 10 Amino Acid Flux and Requirements: Counterpoint
- Tentative Estimates Are Feasible and Necessary
- INTRODUCTION
- Proposed Massachusetts Institute of Technology Amine Acid Requirement Pattern
- Adaptive Aspects of Amino Acid Metabolism
- Diurnal Cycling and Amine Acid Requirements
- Nitrogen Balance and Estimations of IAA Requirements
- Stable Isotope Estimates of Requirement Values
- The MIT Amino Acid Requirement Pattern and Physical Activity
- Author's Conclusions and Recommendations
- REFERENCES
- 11 Physical Exertion, Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism, and Protein Requirements
- INTRODUCTION
- EXERCISE AND AMINO ACID CATABOLISM
- EFFECTS OF CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY ON MUSCLE PROTEIN TURNOVER
- INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ENERGY SUPPLY AND PROTEIN AND AMINE ACID METABOLISMIN THE CONTEXT OF INCREASED ...
- POSSIBLE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION.
- GLUTAMINE, THE OVERTRAINING SYNDROME AND IMMUNE FUNCTION
- THE CRUCIAL QUESTIONS
- AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 12 Skeletal Muscle Markers
- INTRODUCTION
- Method Organization
- AVAILABLE METHODS
- Anthropometry
- Ultrasound
- Bioelectric Impedance Analysis
- Urinary Metabolites
- Imaging Methods
- Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
- In Vive Neutron Activation/Whole Body Counting
- Monitoring Changes in Skeletal Muscle Mass Over Time
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 13 Alterations in Protein Metabolism Due to the Stress of Injury and Infection
- ANABOLIC HORMONES
- AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- I DISCUSSION
- 14 Amino Acid and Protein Requirements: Cognitive Performance, Stress, and Brain Function
- INTRODUCTION
- The Blood-Brain Barrier: A Key Determinant of Brain Nutritional Status
- TRYPTOPHAN
- TYROSINE
- CHANGES IN AMINO ACIDS DURING FIELD STUDIES: UNDERNUTRITION AND MENTAL PERFORMANCE
- AUTHOR'S CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- DISCUSSION
- 15 Supplementation with Branched-Chain Amino Acids, Glutamine, and Protein Hydrolysates: Rationale for Effects on ...
- INTRODUCTION
- PROTEIN AND AMINE ACID METABOLISM IN ENDURANCE EXERCISE
- BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINE ACIDS
- Central Fatigue Hypothesis
- Effects of Ingestion of Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Tryptophan on Endurance Performance
- Summary of Performance Studies with BCAA and Tryptophan
- Interaction of the BCAA-Aminotransferase Reaction with the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle in Muscle
- Effect of BCAA Ingestion on Plasma Ammonia Concentrations and Muscle Ammonia Production During Exercise
- GLUTAMINE
- Plasma Glutamine Concentrations Following Prolonged Exercise
- Plasma Glutamine Concentrations in Overtrained Athletes and in Tour de France Cyclists
- Link to Immune System.
- GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS FOLLOWING EXERCISE.
