Drinking water and health

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal:	Assembly of Life Sciences (U.S.).
Autores Corporativos:	Assembly of Life Sciences (U.S.). Safe Drinking Water Committee (-), National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Life Sciences. Safe Drinking Water Committee
Formato:	Libro electrónico
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences 1977-<1989>
Edición:	1st ed
Materias:	Drinking water > Contamination. Drinking water > Health aspects. Water > Pollution > Toxicology. Water > Purification. Health risk assessment. Toxicology > Dose-response relationship.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:	https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820249606719

Tabla de Contenidos:

Drinking Water and Health
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Historical Note
Importance of Water Filtration
Chlorination, The Most Significant Advance in Water Treatment
Summary
REFERENCES
I Approach to the Study
INTRODUCTION
WATER CONSUMPTION
RISK AND SAFETY
MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS
PARTICULATE CONTAMINANTS
INORGANIC SOLUTES
ORGANIC SOLUTES
RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINANTS
SUSCEPTIBLE SUBGROUPS AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
REFERENCES
II Chemical Contaminants: Safety And Risk Assessment
EFFECTS ON HEALTH
Reversibility of Chemical Injury
Perspectives and Perceptions of Effects
Irreversible (Self-Propagating) Effects
Nonreversible Effects
Reversible Effects
IRREVERSIBLE TOXICITY
Summary of Principles for Extrapolating Animal Toxicity To Humans
The General Problem of Extrapolation
Specific Problems in Extrapolation
Size of Animals
Number of Animals
Environmental Differences
Absorption
Distribution and Storage
Metabolic Differences
Excretion and Reabsorption
Differences in Receptor Sites
Design of Laboratory Experiments on Animals
Current Capability to Extrapolate
THRESHOLDS
Biological Considerations
Consideration of the Dose-Response Relationship
Examination of Experimental Dose-Response Curves
Heterogeneity of the Population
Statistical Considerations
HIGH-DOSE TO LOW-DOSE EXTRAPOLATION
Dose-Response Models
Appropriateness of Data for Low-Dose Extrapolation
INTERACTIONS
SUMMARY-CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS: SAFETY AND RISK ASSESSMENT
Principle 1
Effects in Animals, Properly Qualified, are Applicable to Man
Principle 2
Methods do not Now Exist to Establish a Threshold for Long-Term Effects of Toxic Agents
Principle 3.
The Exposure of Experimental Animals to Toxic Agents in High Doses is a Necessary and Valid Method of Discovering Possible...
Principle 4
Material Should be Assessed in Terms of Human Risk, Rather Than as "Safe" or "Unsafe
Principles To Be Used for Noncarcinogens and Nonmutagens
RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
III Microbiology of Drinking Water
EPIDEMIOLOGY
BACTERIA
Number of Cells Required to Infect
Estimation of Disease Potential by Direct Quantitation of Bacterial Pathogens
Indicator Organisms
Escherichia Coli and the Coliform Group
Some Deficiencies of Coliforms as Indicator Organisms
Other Indicator Organisms
Rapid Methods for Coliform Counts
Sampling for the Coliform Test
Coliform Standards
United States Standards
International Standards
Statistical Limits
The Health Significance of the Coliform Test
Conclusion on Coliform Standard
The Standard Plate Count
Conclusions on Standard Plate Count
Recommendations for Research on Bacterial Contaminants
VIRUSES
History of the Enteric Viruses
Epidemiology
Recovery and Identification of Viruses
Factors Influencing Recovery
Cell-Culture Systems for Detection
Recovery Procedures for Virus in Finished Water
Identification of Viruses Recovered from Water
Sensitivity of the Flowthrough Method
Perspectives in Testing Large-Volume Samples
Health Effects of Viruses in Drinking Water
Virus Removal in Water Treatment
Coagulation and Settling
Filtration and Sorption
Water-Softening
Disinfection
Chlorination
Bromination
Iodination
Ozonation
Effectiveness of Water Treatments
Bacterial Indicators and Viruses in Drinking Water
Conclusions
Research Recommendations
PATHOGENIC PROTOZOA AND HELMINTHS
Protozoa
Amebiasis
Facultatively Parasitic Amebae
Giardiasis.
Helminths
Water-Treatment Practices and Parasite Removal
Conclusions
SUMMARY-MICROBIOLOGY OF DRINKING WATER
Bacteria
Viruses
Parasites
Testing
REFERENCES
IV Solid Particles in Suspension
INTRODUCTION
CLAY PARTICLES AND THEIR INTERACTIONS
Inorganic Pollutants
Organic Pollutants
Summary
ASBESTOS: NOMENCLATURE, OCCURRENCE AND REDISTRIBUTION IN WATER
Structure and Nomenclature
Properties of Asbestos Minerals
Mineralogy
Surface Properties
Morphology
Solubility
Occurrence of Asbestos and Fibrous Minerals
Uses and Redistribution
Topics for Research in Mineralogy
ASBESTOS FIBER SAMPLING AND ANAYLSIS
Introduction
Optical Microscopy
Electron Microscopy
X-Ray Diffraction
Differential Thermal Analysis
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ASBESTOS MINERALS
Epidemiological Findings
Experimental Studies
ORGANIC PARTICULATE IN WATER
Organic Matter Associated with Soil Particles
Municipal and Industrial Wastes
Organic Debris
Organic Colloids
Summary
MICROORGANISMS AND SUSPENDED PARTICLES IN WATER
Particulate-Bacterial Interactions
Particulate-Viral Interactions in Water
Aggregation and Survival
Conclusions
PARTICULATE REMOVAL AND TURBIDITY
Definitions and Occurrence
Removal of Particulates
Mineral Fibers
Clay
Organics
Microbiological Particulates
Possible Concerns
Halomethanes and Other Chlorinated Organics
Encasing of Microbial Particulates
Coagulant Precipitates
Powdered Carbon
Organic Coagulants
Turbidity
Conclusions
SUMMARY-SOLID PARTICLES IN SUSPENSION
Direct Effects on Health
Indirect Effects on Health
Turbidity as an Indicator
Conclusions and Recommendations
Recommendations for Future Research
REFERENCES
Clay Particles and their Interactions.
Asbestos: Nomenclature, Occurrence, and Redistribution in Water
Asbestos Fiber Sampling and Analysis
Biological Effects of Asbestos Minerals, Epidemiological Findings
Biological Effects of Asbestos Minerals, Experimental Studies
Organic Particulates in Water
Microorganisms and Suspended Particles in Water
Particulate Removal and Turbidity
V Inorganic Solutes
TRACE METALS
Trace Metals in Water Samples Collected in the Distribution System or at Household Taps
Trace Metals in Finished Water Supplies
Occurrence of Trace Metals in Raw Water Supplies
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Silver
Vanadium
Zinc
Geographical and Local Factors
Removal Of Metals By Water-Treatment Processes
Chemical Coagulation
Lime Softening
Activated Carbon
Reverse Osmosis
Ion Exchange
Analysis of Drinking Water for Trace Metals
Sample Treatment
Analysis
Barium
Occurrence
Chemical Characteristics
Metabolism
Health Effects
Analysis
Conclusions and Recommendations
Beryllium
Occurrence
Chemical Characteristics
Metabolism
Health Effects
Analysis
Conclusions and Recommendations
Cadmium
Occurrence
Chemical Characteristics
Metabolism
Health Effects
Analysis
Conclusions and Recommendations
Chromium
Occurrence
Chemical Characteristics
Metabolism
Health Effects
Analysis
Conclusions and Recommendations
Cobalt
Occurrence
Chemical Characteristics
Metabolism
Health Effects
Analysis
Conclusions and Recommendations
Copper
Occurrence
Chemical Characteristics
Metabolism
Health Effects
Analysis
Conclusions and Recommendations
Lead
Occurrence
Chemical Characteristics
Metabolism
Health Effects
Analysis.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Magnesium
Occurrence
Chemical Characteristics
Metabolism
Health Effects
Analysis
Conclusions And Recommendations
Manganese
Occurrence
Chemical Characteristics
Metabolism
Health Effects
Analysis
Conclusions and Recommendations
Mercury
Occurrence
Chemical Characteristics
Metabolism
Health Effects
Analysis
Conclusions and Recommendations
Molybdenum
Occurrence
Chemical Characteristics
Metabolism
Health Effects
Analysis
Conclusions And Recommendations
Nickel
Occurrence
Chemical Characteristics
Metabolism
Health Effects
Analysis
Conclusions And Recommendations
Silver
Occurrence
Chemical Characteristics
Metabolism
Health Effects
Analysis
Conclusions and Recommendations
Tin
Occurrence
Chemical Characteristics
Metabolism
Health Effects
Analysis
Conclusions and Recommendations
Vanadium
Occurrence
Chemical Characteristics
Metabolism
Health Aspects
Analysis
Conclusions and Recommendations
Zinc
Occurrence
Chemical Characteristics
Metabolism
Health Effects
Analysis
Conclusions and Recommendations
Summary-Trace Metals
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Silver
Tin
Vanadium
Zinc
OTHER INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
Arsenic
Occurrence
Metabolism
Absorption
Distribution
Excretion
Transformation
Health Effects
Toxic Effects in Humans
Carcinogenicity
Mutagenicity
Toxic Effects in Animals
Carcinogenicity
Mutagenicity
Teratogenicity
Interactions
Beneficial Effects
Analysis
Determination of Arsenic in Drinking Water
Determination of Arsenic in Biologic Samples.
Conclusions and Recommendations.

Drinking water and health

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