Nutrition during pregnancy : part I, weight gain : part II, nutrient supplements

Nutrition during pregnancy part I, weight gain : part II, nutrient supplements

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: Institute of Medicine (U.S.).
Autores Corporativos: Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Subcommittee on Nutritional Status and Weight Gain during Pregnancy (-), Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Subcommittee on Dietary Intake and Nutrient Supplements during Pregnancy
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press 1990.
Edición:1st ed
Materias:
Pregnancy > Nutritional aspects.
Pregnant women > Weight gain.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820249406719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Nutrition During Pregnancy
  • Copyright
  • PREFACE
  • CONTENTS
  • 1 SUMMARY
  • PART I: NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND WEIGHT GAIN
  • HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
  • CONCLUSION ON WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY
  • Assessment of Weight and Weight Gain
  • Determinants of Gestational Weight Gain
  • Consequences of Gestational Weight Gain
  • CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Measurement
  • Counseling
  • Monitoring Progress
  • RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Epidemiologic Research
  • Basic Research
  • Applied Research
  • METHODOLOGY
  • Limitations in the Data
  • Criteria Used in Formulating Recommendations
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Dietary Assessment
  • Iron
  • Folate
  • Multivitamin Mineral Supplements
  • Nutrient Supplementation in Special Circumstances
  • RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Survey Needs
  • Nutritional Assessment
  • Iron Supplementation
  • Periconceptional Supplements
  • Supplementation for High-Risk Groups
  • References
  • PART I NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND WEIGHT GAIN
  • 2 Introduction
  • References
  • 3 Historical Trends in Clinical Practice, Maternal Nutritional Status, and the Course and Outcome of Pregnancy
  • TRENDS IN RECOMMENDATIONS
  • TRENDS IN MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH OUTCOME
  • Maternal Body Size
  • Age of Menarche
  • Maternal Age and Parity
  • Ethnic Origin of Mothers
  • Smoking Habits of Women of Reproductive Age
  • Use of Selected Substances
  • TRENDS IN USE OF PRENATAL CARE AND FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS
  • TRENDS IN PREGNANCY OUTCOME
  • Infant Mortality
  • Birth Weight
  • TRENDS IN GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN
  • SUMMARY
  • References
  • 4 Assessment of Gestational Weight Gain
  • METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES RELATED TO DATA COLLECTION IN THE CLINIC
  • Weight
  • Height
  • Gestational Duration
  • Assessing Prepregnancy Weight for Height
  • Using Weight Gain Data in the Clinic
  • Weight Gain Charts.
  • INTERPRETATION OF RESEARCH INVOLVING GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN
  • Estimation of Gestational Weight Gain in Research
  • Prepregnancy Weight Estimates
  • Gestational Duration Estimates
  • Determining Final Weight and Rates of Weight Gain
  • Including the Fetus in Total Weight Gain
  • Comparison of Gestational Weight Gain with Reference Standards
  • USES OF GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN IN NUTRITIONAL SURVEILLANCE
  • SUMMARY
  • CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
  • References
  • 5 Total Amount and Pattern of Weight Gain: Physiologic and Maternal Determinants
  • NORMS FOR TOTAL GAIN, RATE OF GAIN, AND COMPOSITION OF GAIN
  • Pattern and Amount of Gain
  • Components of Gain
  • Proximate Composition of Gain
  • TOTAL WEIGHT GAIN AND PATTERN OF GAIN
  • Estimated Normal Rates of Gain
  • ADJUSTMENTS IN INTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF ENERGY SOURCES DURING PREGNANCY
  • MATERNAL DETERMINANTS OF THE PATTERN AND AMOUNT OF WEIGHT GAIN
  • Prepregnancy Weight-for-Height Status
  • Maternal Height
  • Ethnic Origin
  • Age and Parity
  • Cigarette Smoking
  • Alcohol and Illegal Substances
  • Socioeconomic Status
  • Work or Physical Activity
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
  • References
  • 6 Body Composition Changes During Pregnancy
  • STANDARD METHODS
  • Total Body Water
  • Underwater Weighing
  • Total Body Potassium
  • SKINFOLD THICKNESS MEASUREMENT
  • DIRECT COMPARISONS OF SKINFOLD THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS
  • RESULTS OF STUDIES
  • Total Body Water
  • Body Density (by Underwater Weighing)
  • Total Body Potassium
  • Skinfold Thicknesses
  • SUMMARY
  • References
  • 7 Energy Requirements, Energy Intake, and Associated Weight Gain during Pregnancy
  • RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENERGY INTAKE AND GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN
  • STUDIES OF ENERGY SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY
  • Supplementation Studies of Pregnant Women in Developing Countries
  • Guatemala
  • Colombia
  • Taiwan.
  • The Gambia
  • Chile
  • Supplementation Studies of Pregnant Women in Industrialized Countries
  • Canada
  • Scotland
  • United States
  • Interpretive Summary
  • FACTORS INFLUENCING ENERGY BALANCE DURING PREGNANCY
  • Basal Metabolism
  • Thermogenesis
  • Physical Activity
  • Total Daily Energy Expenditure
  • Energy Balance During Pregnancy
  • SUMMARY
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
  • References
  • 8 Effects of Gestational Weight Gain on Outcome in Singleton Pregnancies
  • FETAL AND INFANT OUTCOMES
  • Mortality
  • Fetal Growth
  • Importance of Birth Weight as a Pregnancy Outcome
  • Heterogeneity of IUGR
  • Other Methodologic Caveats
  • Effects on Birth Weight (for Gestational Age)
  • Effect of Weight Gain Pattern
  • Effect of Weight Gain Composition
  • Effects on Birth Length and Head Circumference
  • Gestational Duration
  • Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage)
  • Congenital Anomalies
  • MATERNAL OUTCOMES
  • Maternal Mortality
  • Complications of Pregnancy, Labor, and Delivery
  • Lactation Performance
  • Postpartum Obesity
  • SUMMARY
  • CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
  • References
  • 9 Weight Gain in Twin Pregnancies
  • MORTALITY
  • BIRTH WEIGHT
  • GESTATION LENGTH AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
  • MATERNAL FACTORS
  • Physical Characteristics and Weight Gain
  • Body Composition
  • Physiologic Adaptations
  • SUMMARY
  • CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
  • References
  • 10 Causality and Opportunities for Intervention
  • THE CAUSAL PATHS
  • THE EVIDENCE
  • Do Nutritional Counseling, Energy Supplementation, and Maternal Attitudes Affect Energy Intake?
  • Does Energy Intake Affect Gestational Weight Gain?
  • Does Gestational Weight Gain Affect Short-Term Maternal/Child Health?
  • Do Short-Term Maternal and Child Health Effects Lead to Longer-Term Effects?
  • IMPLICATIONS
  • References
  • PART II DIETARY INTAKE AND NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTS
  • 11 Introduction.
  • PREVIOUS RECOMMENDATIONS FROM PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
  • USAGE PATTERNS
  • SCOPE OF REPORT
  • UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS
  • ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
  • References
  • 12 Assessment of Nutrient Needs
  • NUTRIENT HOMEOSTASIS
  • ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS
  • ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENT NEEDS
  • ASSESSMENT OF DIETARY ADEQUACY
  • RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES
  • FACTORS INFLUENCING NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS AND THE NEED FOR SUPPLEMENTATION
  • NUTRIENT-NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS
  • NUTRIENT TOXICITIES
  • SUMMARY
  • CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
  • References
  • 13 Dietary Intake During Pregnancy
  • AVAILABLE DIETARY DATA
  • LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA
  • NUTRIENT INTAKES OF PREGNANT WOMEN
  • ASSOCIATIONS OF MATERNAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH NUTRIENT INTAKE DURING PREGNANCY
  • Ethnic Background
  • Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors
  • WIC Participation
  • Maternal Age
  • SUMMARY
  • References
  • 14 Iron Nutrition During Pregnancy
  • IMPORTANCE OF IRON DURING PREGNANCY
  • Definition of Anemia and Iron Deficiency
  • Effects of Maternal Anemia on the Newborn
  • PREVALENCE OF IRON DEFICIENCY
  • SPECIAL GROUPS AT RISK
  • Socioeconomic Indicators
  • Racial and Ethnic Backgrounds
  • Adolescents
  • IRON METABOLISM IN RELATION TO PREGNANCY
  • Essential and Storage Iron
  • Iron Loss
  • Regulation of Body Iron
  • Absorption of Nonheme and Heme Iron from Food
  • Intestinal Regulation
  • IRON REQUIREMENTS FOR PREGNANCY
  • CHARACTERISTICS OF IRON DEFICIENCY DURING PREGNANCY
  • Laboratory Characteristics of Impaired Hemoglobin Production
  • Physiologic Changes in Hemoglobin Concentration and Criteria for Anemia During Pregnancy
  • ABSORPTION OF IRON SUPPLEMENTS
  • Absorption from a Test Dose
  • Therapeutic Trials
  • How Much Extra Iron Must Be Absorbed from a Supplement in Order To Prevent Iron Deficiency?
  • Duration and Dose
  • Compliance and Side Effects
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS.
  • References
  • 15 Trace Elements
  • ZINC
  • Cell Replication and Differentiation
  • Reproduction in Animals
  • Reproduction in Humans
  • Estimated Zinc Requirements During Pregnancy
  • Usual Zinc Intakes
  • Dosage Range and Toxicity
  • Criteria for Status Assessment
  • Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency
  • Effects of Other Supplements and of Nonnutritive Substances
  • Recommendations for Supplementation
  • COPPER
  • Importance in Pregnancy
  • Estimated Requirements During Pregnancy
  • Usual Intakes
  • Dosage Range and Toxicity
  • Criteria for Status Assessment
  • Prevalence of Deficiency
  • Effects of Other Supplements
  • Recommendations for Supplementation
  • IODINE
  • SELENIUM
  • MANGANESE
  • CHROMIUM
  • MOLYBDENUM
  • FLUORIDE
  • SUMMARY
  • CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
  • References
  • 16 Calcium, Vitamin D, and Magnesium
  • CALCIUM
  • Metabolism
  • Calcium Balance
  • Maternal Bone Loss
  • Supplementation and Hypertension
  • Supplementation and Leg Cramps
  • Recommendations
  • VITAMIN D
  • Metabolism
  • Requirements
  • Prevalence of Deficiency
  • Seasonal Differences
  • Racial, Ethnic, and Dietary Differences
  • Effects of Deficiency
  • Evidence for Supplementation
  • Dosage
  • Recommendations
  • MAGNESIUM
  • Metabolism
  • Adequacy of Intake
  • Recommendations
  • Dosage
  • SUMMARY
  • CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
  • References
  • 17 Vitamins A, E, and K
  • VITAMIN A
  • Importance
  • Vitamin A During Pregnancy
  • Units of Measurement
  • Criteria for Deficiency
  • Recommended Intakes
  • Teratogenicity and Toxicity
  • Usual Intake
  • Recommendations for Supplementation
  • VITAMIN E
  • Importance
  • Criteria for Deficiency
  • Recommended and Usual Intakes
  • Recommendations for Supplementation
  • Special Considerations
  • VITAMIN K
  • Importance
  • Criteria for Deficiency
  • Recommended and Usual Intake
  • Recommendations for Supplementation
  • CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS.
  • References.

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