Pharmaceuticals in the environment
An important reference for researchers in the pharmaceutical industry, environmentalists and policy makers wanting to better understand the impacts of pharmaceuticals on the environment.
| Autor principal: | |
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| Otros Autores: | , |
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Cambridge, England :
Royal Society of Chemistry
2016.
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| Colección: | Issues in environmental science and technology ;
41. |
| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009817325406719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Cover; Contents; Preface; Editors; List of Contributors; The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Future of Drug Development; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Historical Background; 1.2 What is a Pharmaceutical?; 1.3 Environmental Impact; 2 The Pharmaceutical Industries; 3 Research, Discovery and Development; 3.1 Pre-clinical Trials; 3.2 Clinical Trials; 3.3 Environmental Issues; 4 Commercial Realities; 4.1 Problems with Patents; 4.2 Maintaining a Viable Business; 4.3 Access to Medicines; 5 The Pharmaceutical Industry in the Future; 5.1 Commercial Pressures; 5.2 Environmental Challenges; 6 Conclusions
- ReferencesDistribution of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment; 1 Introduction; 2 Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals; 3 Reviews of Pharmaceutical Products; 4 Measured Concentrations; 5 Modelling to Complement and Extend the Utility of Field Programs; 5.1 Measure or Model?; 5.2 Estimates of API Consumption for Use in Modelling Analysis; 5.3 Modelling for Design of Field Surveys; 5.4 Elucidating Fate and Transport Mechanisms; 5.5 Critical Evaluation of Measured Concentrations; 5.6 Modelling to Support Human Health and Environmental Risk Assessments
- 5.6.1 Multimedia Models for Exposure Assessment5.6.2 Catchment Models for Exposure Assessment; 5.6.3 Global Models for Exposure Assessment; 5.7 Models to Evaluate Potential Impacts of Natural and Synthetic Estrogens; 5.8 Using Models to Evaluate Mitigation Strategies; 6 Conclusion; References; Pharmaceuticals in the Marine Environment; 1 Introduction; 2 Key Sources of Pharmaceuticals Entering the Marine Environment; 2.1 Human Pharmaceuticals and Illicit Drugs; 2.1.1 Sewage; 2.2 Veterinary Medicines; 2.2.1 Agriculture and Horticulture; 2.2.2 Aquaculture
- 2.3 Environmental Fate of PhACs in Marine Environments2.4 Concentrations of PhACs Measured in the Marine Environment; 2.4.1 Seawater; 2.4.1.1 Pharmaceuticals and Illicit Drugs; 2.5 Impacts on Marine Organisms ; 2.6 Human Health Concerns; 3 Conclusions; References; Sources of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment and their Control; 1 Introduction and Overview; 2 Pathways of Exposure; 3 Patient Consumption and Excretion; 3.1 Human Excretion; 3.2 APIs Excreted into the Sewage System Undergo Wastewater Treatment; 4 Emissions from Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
- 5 Unused Medicines and their Disposal5.1 Disposal in Municipal Solid Waste; 6 Wastewater Treatment; 7 Hospitals; 8 Minor Pathways; 8.1 Exposure through the Consumption of Foods; 8.2 Exposure through Water Consumption; 9 Conclusions; References; Pharmaceutical Residues in Sewage Treatment Works and their Fate in the Receiving Environment; 1 Introduction; 2 Pharmaceuticals in Municipal Wastewaters; 2.1 Occurrence in Municipal Sewage; 2.2 The Fate and Behaviour of Pharmaceuticals in Sewage Works; 2.3 Removal of Pharmaceuticals during Conventional Wastewater Treatment
- 2.4 Occurrence in Sewage Sludge
