Experimental Methods for Membrane Applications in Desalination and Water Treatment

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal:	Salinas-Rodriguez, Sergio G. (-)
Otros Autores:	Villacorte, Loreen O.
Formato:	Libro electrónico
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	London : IWA Publishing 2024.
Edición:	1st ed
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:	https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009811295006719

Tabla de Contenidos:

Intro
Cover
Contents
Foreword
Contributors
About the editors
Chapter 1: Feedwater Quality Guidelines and Assessment Methods for Membrane-based Desalination
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 PARTICULATE FOULING POTENTIAL
1.3 INORGANIC FOULING AND SCALING POTENTIAL
1.4 ORGANIC FOULING POTENTIAL
1.4.1 Organic carbon
1.4.2 UV absorbance and fluorescence
1.4.3 LC-OCD
1.4.4 TEP
1.4.5 Oil and grease
1.5 BIOFOULING POTENTIAL
1.5.1 Bacterial growth potential
1.5.2 Assimilable organic carbon
1.5.3 Biodegradable dissolved organic carbon
1.5.4 Phosphate
1.6 OUTLOOK AND OPPORTUNITIES
1.7 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
1.8 REFERENCES
Part 1: Membrane processes
Chapter 2: Microfiltration and ultrafiltration
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.1.1 Advantages of ultrafiltration compared to conventional treatment
2.2 DESIGN AND OPTIMIZE MEMBRANE PROCESSES
2.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE FILTRATION PROCESS
2.4 MEMBRANE TYPES
2.5 BASIC EQUATIONS
2.6 NORMALIZATION
2.7 MEMBRANE FOULING
2.8 SUSTAINABLE FLUX
2.9 MEMBRANE DESIGN AND MODULE
2.10 PRETREATMENT
2.11 CLEANINGS
2.11.1 Optimization of hydraulic cleaning
2.12 MEMBRANE CASCADES
2.13 SUMMARY
2.14 REFERENCES
Chapter 3: Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration
3.1 THE RISE OF REVERSE OSMOSIS
3.2 SUSTAINAIBLITY OF REVERSE OSMOSIS
3.3 UNDERSTANDING THE OSMOSIS PROCESS
3.3.1 Semi-permeable membranes
3.3.2 The reverse osmosis process
3.4 EQUATIONS
3.4.1 Fundamental equations
3.4.1.1 Osmotic pressure
3.4.1.2 Water flux
3.4.1.3 Salt transport
3.4.1.4 The difference between convective and concentration driven flows
3.4.2 System equations
3.4.3 Factors affecting membrane performance
3.4.3.1 Feed pressure
3.4.3.2 Feed concentration
3.4.3.3 Feed temperature
3.4.3.4 Concentration polarization.
3.5 REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES
3.5.1 The significance of desalination
3.6 PERFORMANCE MONITORING
3.7 NORMALIZATION
3.7.1 Why normalization matters
3.7.2 Equations
3.7.2.1 Normalized permeate flow
3.7.2.2 Normalized salt rejection
3.7.2.3 Normalized pressure drop
3.8 FOULING
3.8.1 Biofouling
3.8.2 Organic fouling
3.8.3 Particulate fouling
3.8.4 Scaling
3.8.5 Integrity failure
3.9 REFERENCES
Chapter 4: Forward Osmosis
4.1 INTRODUCTION: PRINCIPLES OF FORWARD OSMOSIS
4.2 MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
4.2.1 Membrane configurations
4.2.2 Experimental modes
4.2.3 Draw solutions: properties, regeneration, types and selection criteria
4.3 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
4.3.1. Typical parameters and phenomena
4.3.2 FO process design constraints and considerations
4.3.3 Best practices Transmembrane Pressure (TMP)
4.4 DATA ANALYSIS: BASIC FO PROCESS DESIGN
4.4.1 FO Fundamental Equations
4.4.2 FO Module Mass Balance
4.4.3 FO Design Considerations
4.5 APPLICATION EXAMPLES
4.6 OUTLOOK
4.7 REFERENCES
Chapter 5: Membrane Distillation
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 MATERIALS, EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
5.2.1 MD membranes
5.2.1.1 Membrane properties
5.2.1.2 Membrane materials
5.2.2 Experimental set-up
5.2.2.1 MD confi gurations
5.2.3 Process
5.2.3.1 MD system
5.2.3.2 Operating parameters
5.2.4 MD modules
5.3 METHODS
5.3.1 Process measurements and calculations
5.3.1.1 Permeate flux
5.3.1.2 Solute rejection
5.3.1.3 Logarithmic temperature difference
5.3.2 Membrane characterization
5.3.2.1 Physical and morphology properties
5.3.2.2 Chemical properties (a) Elemental composition
5.3.2.3 Thermal properties (a) Thermal conductivity
5.5 OUTLOOK
5.6 REFERENCES
Part 2: Particulate fouling
Chapter 6: Silt Density Index
6.0 ABSTRACT.
6.1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOULING INDEX
6.2 SILT AS A COMPONENT OF MEMBRANE FOULING
6.3 STANDARDIZATON OF THE SILT DENSITY INDEX
6.4 METHODS AND PROCEDURES
6.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE SDI
6.6 ALTERNATIVES TO THE SDI
6.7 SUMMARY
6.8 REFERENCES
Chapter 7: Modified Fouling Index (MFI-0.45)
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 THEORY PARTICULATE FOULING
7.3 MEASURING MFI-0.45
7.3.1 Filtration set-up and materials
7.3.1.1 Membrane filters
7.3.1.2 Filter holder
7.3.1.3 Feedwater reservoir
7.3.1.4 Electronic mass balance
7.3.1.5 Software for data acquisition
7.3.1.6 Pressure regulator and gauge
7.3.1.7 Pressure transducer
7.3.1.8 Non-plugging water
7.3.2 MFI-0.45 testing procedure
7.3.3 MFI-0.45 calculation procedure
7.4 MEMBRANE PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL MEMBRANES
7.5 EFFECT OF FILTER MATERIAL ON MFI-0.45
7.5.1 Effect of membrane support holder
7.6 APPLICATION: WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NORTH SEA WATER
7.7 MONITORING OF MFI-0.45 IN A FULL-SCALE DESALINATION PLANT
7.8 REFERENCES
Chapter 8: Modified Fouling Index Ultrafiltration (MFI-UF) Constant Flux
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 THEORY PARTICULATE FOULING
8.2.1 Deposition factor
8.2.2 The particulate fouling prediction model
8.3 MEASURING MFI-UF CONSTANT FLUX
8.3.1 Filtration set-up and materials
8.3.1.1 Membrane filters
8.3.1.2 Constant flow pump
8.3.1.4 Membrane filter holder
8.3.1.5 Syringe
8.3.1.6 Ultra-pure water
8.3.1.7 Tubing
8.3.1.8 Software
8.3.2 Membrane cleaning and conditioning
8.3.3 MFI-UF testing procedure
8.3.3.1 Selection of filtration flux rate
8.3.4 Calculation procedure
8.3.4.1 Example of membrane resistance calculation of UPW
8.3.4.2 Example of MFI-UF calculation
8.3.5 Reproducibility
8.3.6 Blank and limit of detection
8.3.7 Sample storage.
8.3.8 Concentration of particles
8.3.9 Membrane material
8.4 VARIABLES AND APPLICATIONS OF THE MFI-UF
8.4.1 Plant profiling and water quality monitoring
8.4.2 Flux rate
8.4.3 Predicting rate of fouling of seawater RO systems
8.4.4 Comparing fouling indices
8.5 REFERENCES
Part 3: Inorganic fouling and scaling
Chapter 9: Inorganic Fouling: Characterization Tools and Mitigation
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 MAIN COMPONENTS OF INORGANIC FOULING
9.2.1 Colloidal matter/particulate
9.2.2 Metals
9.2.3 Scaling
9.2.4 OTHER COMPONENTS
9.3 METHODS FOR INORGANIC FOULING IDENTIFICATION
9.4 METHODS FOR INORGANIC FOULING REMOVAL
9.5 REFERENCES
Chapter 10: Assessing Scaling Potential with Induction Time and a Once-through Laboratory Scale RO System
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 INDUCTION TIME MEASUREMENTS
10.2.1 Experimental setup
10.2.1.1 Glass reactor
10.2.1.3 pH meter
10.2.1.4 Peristaltic pump
10.2.1.5 Thermostat
10.2.2 Experimental procedure
10.2.2.1 Preparation of artificial brackish water
10.2.2.2 Induction time measurement
10.2.3 Calculation of induction time
10.2.4 Cleaning of the reactor
10.2.5 Example of application of induction time
10.3 ONCE THROUGH LAB-SCALE RO SYSTEM
10.3.1 Experimental set-up
10.3.2 Experimental protocol
10.3.3 Example of application
10.4 OUTLOOK AND FINAL COMMENTS
10.5 REFERENCES
Part 4: Organic fouling
Chapter 11: Practical Considerations of Using LC-OCD for Organic Matter Analysis in Seawater
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 LC-OCD ANALYSIS
11.2.1 Instrumentation and chromatogram integration
11.2.2 Effect of salinity on organic characterization and calibration
11.2.3 LEVEL OF DETECTION
11.2.4 REPRODUCIBILITY OF LC-OCD
11.2.5 CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC MIXTURES
11.2.6 Applications.
11.2.6.1 OM composition in seawater
11.2.6.2 Fouling behaviour of organic matter
11.2.6.3 Effectiveness of pretreatment methods
11.3 CONCLUSIONS
11.4 REFERENCES
Chapter 12: Fluorescence Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) Spectroscopy
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 SAMPLING &amp
STORAGE
12.3 BENCHTOP INSTRUMENTATION
12.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE
12.5 INTERFERENCES
12.6 DATA PROCESSING
12.7 DATA ANALYSIS
12.7.1 PARAFAC
12.8 APPLICATION IN MEMBRANE SYSTEMS
12.9 REFERENCES
Chapter 13: Transparent Exopolymer Particles
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 QUANTIFICATION METHODS
13.2.1 Alcian blue dye preparation
13.2.2 TEP0.4µm measurement
13.2.3 TEP10kDa measurement
13.2.4 Method calibration
13.2.4.1 Xanthan gum standard preparation
13.2.4.2 TEP0.4µm calibration
13.2.4.3 TEP0.4µm calibration
13.2.4.4 TEP10kDa calibration
13.2.5 Other considerations
13.2.5.1 Limit of detection
13.2.5.2 Impact of storage on TEP concentration
13.2.6 Application and interpretation
13.3 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
13.4 REFERENCES
Part 5: Biological fouling
Chapter 14: Genomics Tools to Study Membrane-Based Systems
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND SAMPLE PREPARATION
14.2.1 Experimental Design in a Metagenomics
14.2.2 Sample Collection and Preservation
14.2.3 DNA Extraction
14.2.4 Library Preparation
14.2.5 Sequencing platforms
14.3 BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS
14.3.1 Data Pre-treatment
14.3.2 Amplicon-based approach
14.3.3 Metagenomics, read-based approach
14.3.4 Metagenomics, assembly-based approach
14.3.5 Metagenome-assembled Genome (MAG) Binning
14.3.6 Supervised and unsupervised binning
14.3.7 Functional annotation
14.3.8 Genome-resolved Metatranscriptomics
14.4 DATA SHARING AND STORAGE
14.5 BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS WORKFLOW EXAMPLES.
14.5.1 Amplicon Sequences Processing Workflow.

Experimental Methods for Membrane Applications in Desalination and Water Treatment

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