OECD Environmental Performance Reviews : Costa Rica 2023

OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Costa Rica 2023

Portugal managed to decouple several environmental pressures from economic growth over 2013-19. It played a leading role in the approval of the European Climate Law and adopted the Portuguese Framework Climate Law in 2021.

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (author)
Autor Corporativo: Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development, author, issuing body (author)
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Paris : OECD Publishing 2023.
Edición:1st ed
Materias:
Economics.
Macroeconomics.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009769028606719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Reader's guide
  • Basic statistics of Costa Rica
  • Executive summary
  • Costa Rica has made good environmental progress, but could better align itself with more advanced countries
  • Zero net deforestation is a major achievement, but biodiversity pressures persist
  • There is scope to strengthen coherence, implementation and effectiveness of biodiversity policy
  • More investment in water and waste infrastructure and services is urgently needed
  • Costa Rica needs to follow through on plans to meet its ambitious climate goals
  • Decarbonising transport is essential to meet climate mitigation goals and improve quality of life
  • The environmental governance system is well established, but implementation could be improved
  • Costa Rica should scale up finance for environment-related investment and improve efficiency of public spending
  • Implementing a green tax reform would help improve price signals and raise revenue for the green transition
  • Assessment and recommendations
  • 1. Environmental performance
  • The economy has grown strongly in the last decade, but social and environmental outcomes have been uneven
  • Efforts to build resilience to climate change impact have intensified but more investment is needed
  • Costa Rica needs to strengthen the policy mix to achieve its ambitious climate targets by 2030 and 2050
  • Forests have helped mitigate growing GHG emissions from other sectors
  • Climate mitigation action has improved, but the policy mix is limited in scope and stringency
  • Costa Rica has raised its ambition towards a net-zero economy
  • Sourcing power from renewables helps decarbonisation, but reducing energy consumption is a priority
  • Costa Rica has made important strides towards the clean energy transition…
  • … but greater effort is needed to improve energy efficiency.
  • Decarbonising transport is essential to meet national climate mitigation goals and improve quality of life
  • Costa Rica's heavy reliance on road transport has led to rising environmental pressures
  • Decarbonising transport requires changes in mobility patterns and land-use planning
  • Efforts to electrify transport are welcome, but they should prioritise public transport to help reduce car dependence and avoid regressive impacts
  • A large part of the population is exposed to air pollution, posing risks to human health
  • Waste management needs to be improved to move towards a circular economy
  • Waste infrastructure and services are inadequate to address rising waste flows
  • Despite recent progress, barriers to increasing waste recovery remain
  • More investment in water infrastructure is urgently needed to deliver access to services and improve water quality
  • Improving water quality and reducing high water losses are major challenges
  • Investment in water infrastructure lags far behind, and new approaches to financing are needed
  • 2. Towards green and inclusive growth
  • Sustainable development and green growth are high on Costa Rica's political agenda, but challenges lie ahead
  • The environmental governance system is well established, but implementation is lagging behind
  • Institutional and policy fragmentation hampers policy coherence and implementation effectiveness
  • Stronger implementation capacity at local level is needed
  • Environmental regulation is becoming more efficient but should be further improved and better enforced
  • The ongoing permitting reform aims to reduce the regulatory burden on businesses
  • Compliance promotion, proactive inspections and stronger enforcement are needed
  • There is scope to improve price signals through a system of green taxes and charges and by removing harmful subsidies.
  • Costa Rica should follow through on its plan to implement a green tax reform and carbon pricing
  • Many fiscal incentives have a negative impact on the environment
  • The transition to a green and decarbonised economy requires large-scale investment
  • Public environment-related investment should be increased and made more efficient
  • There is a clear need to explore new financing avenues
  • More effective incentives are needed to encourage businesses' environmental investment
  • Costa Rica has consolidated its framework for environmental democracy
  • Provision of environmental information has greatly improved, but gaps remain
  • Public participation features in many environmental decision-making processes
  • Citizens are granted access to justice in environmental matters
  • 3. Biodiversity conservation and sustainable use
  • Costa Rica has reversed deforestation, but pressures on its rich biodiversity remain strong
  • The revision of the National Biodiversity Strategy is an opportunity to enhance policy coherence
  • Protected areas have helped reduce biodiversity loss, but their ecological representativeness and management could be improved
  • Costa Rica expanded its network of protected area and biological corridors
  • There is scope to improve the management of protected areas and biological corridors
  • Tourism generates revenue for protected areas and employment for local communities but also puts pressure on fragile natural areas
  • There is an urgent need to complete spatial planning and mainstream biodiversity in it
  • Costa Rica pioneering programme of payment for ecosystem services should be extended and reinforced
  • There is a need for scaling up finance for biodiversity and better spending it
  • The equitable use of genetic and biochemical resources can be a driver of innovation and business opportunities.
  • Removing harmful subsidies is key to encourage good agricultural practices
  • Sustainable fishery management calls for better knowledge and fewer harmful incentives
  • References
  • Notes
  • Chapter 1. Environmental performance
  • 1.1. Introduction
  • 1.2. Promoting sustained and inclusive economic growth
  • 1.2.1. Economic performance and structure of the economy
  • 1.2.2. Population's well-being
  • 1.3. Strengthening resilience to the impacts of climate change
  • 1.3.1. Costa Rica's vulnerability to climate change
  • 1.3.2. Policies to adapt to climate change impacts
  • 1.4. Moving towards a low-carbon economy
  • 1.4.1. Greenhouse gas emissions profile and trends
  • 1.4.2. Progress on climate mitigation action
  • 1.4.3. The path towards net zero
  • 1.5. Accelerating the clean energy transition
  • 1.5.1. Energy supply
  • 1.5.2. Energy use and intensities
  • 1.6. Decarbonising transport
  • 1.6.1. Mobility patterns
  • 1.6.2. Electric transport
  • 1.6.3. Using green hydrogen for transport
  • 1.7. Improving air quality
  • 1.7.1. Emissions of air pollutants
  • 1.7.2. Air quality and exposure to pollutant concentrations
  • 1.7.3. Regulations and monitoring
  • 1.8. Moving towards a circular economy
  • 1.8.1. Waste and materials management
  • 1.8.2. Governance and strategies for waste management
  • 1.8.3. Strategies and actions for a circular economy
  • Focus on agri-food systems
  • 1.9. Managing water resources and water supply and sanitation services
  • 1.9.1. Water quantity and quality
  • 1.9.2. Water policy framework and governance
  • 1.9.3. Economic instruments for water management
  • 1.9.4. Water supply and sanitation services
  • References
  • Notes
  • Chapter 2. Towards a green and inclusive growth
  • 2.1. Introduction
  • 2.2. Ensuring sound governance for sustainable development
  • 2.2.1. Strategic framework for achieving the SDGs.
  • 2.2.2. Institutional framework
  • 2.2.3. Multi-level governance
  • 2.2.4. Public participation in environmental decision making
  • 2.3. Setting sound environmental requirements and ensuring their fulfilment
  • 2.3.1. Environmental policy and legal framework
  • 2.3.2. Environmental impact assessment and permitting
  • 2.3.3. Compliance monitoring and enforcement
  • 2.3.4. Access to justice in environmental matters
  • 2.4. Greening the system of taxes and charges
  • 2.4.1. Towards a green tax reform
  • 2.4.2. Energy taxes and carbon pricing
  • 2.4.3. Vehicle taxes and road charging
  • 2.5. Removing subsidies with potentially negative environmental consequences
  • 2.5.1. A stocktaking of environmentally harmful support
  • 2.5.2. Fossil fuel subsidies
  • 2.6. Investing in the transition to a green and decarbonised economy
  • 2.6.1. Public environment-related expenditure
  • 2.6.2. Financing environment-related and low-carbon investment
  • 2.7. Encouraging green business practices
  • 2.7.1. Environmental protection expenditure of private enterprises
  • 2.7.2. Voluntary approaches
  • 2.7.3. Green public procurement
  • References
  • Notes
  • Chapter 3. Biodiversity conservation and sustainable use
  • 3.1. Introduction
  • 3.2. Status, trends and pressures
  • 3.2.1. Terrestrial ecosystems
  • Forest ecosystems
  • Wetlands
  • 3.2.2. Coastal and marine ecosystems
  • 3.2.3. Threatened species
  • 3.2.4. Economic valuation and ecosystem services
  • 3.3. Setting the governance for biodiversity management
  • 3.3.1. Institutional setting
  • 3.3.2. The policy framework
  • 3.3.3. Stakeholder participation and engagement of Indigenous Peoples
  • 3.4. Integrating biodiversity into land-use planning and permitting
  • 3.5. Managing protected areas effectively
  • 3.5.1. Extension and ecological representativeness of the protected area network.
  • 3.5.2. Management and effectiveness of protected area.

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