Risk-based Regulatory Design for the Safe Use of Hydrogen
Low-emission hydrogen is expected to play an important role in the energy transition to tackle the climate crisis. It can decarbonate "hard-to-abate" sectors still relying on fossil fuels, turn low-carbon electricity into a fuel that can be transported using pipelines and provide a green t...
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| Autor Corporativo: | |
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Paris :
OECD Publishing
2023.
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| Edición: | 1st ed |
| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009759334206719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Intro
- Foreword
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations and acronyms
- Executive summary
- Advances in knowledge and technologies allow for a better management of hydrogen risks
- Holistic risk assessments can ensure regulation effectively balances the multiple risks at stake
- Additional caution should be applied where necessary and when risks are still largely unknown
- Risk-focused regulatory delivery can reduce unnecessary regulatory burdens
- Effective communication and guidance can support public trust and an enabling investment climate
- Role clarity, effective co-ordination and sufficient resources can empower public institutions to keep pace with changes
- 1 Recommendations for the smooth development and rollout of hydrogen applications
- How safe, and how strictly regulated, is hydrogen? - Challenges in comparing different technologies and fuels
- The impossibility of a reliable comparison of accident rates
- Is hydrogen "reasonably safe" in its key applications for the energy transition?
- Accounting for risk reduction due to hydrogen use
- What levels of regulation does hydrogen face?
- Analysing risks
- Identifying risks
- Recommendations
- Weighing risks and uncertainty
- Recommendations
- Designing regulation
- Managing risks
- Recommendations
- Tailoring burdens
- Recommendations
- Empowering institutions
- Providing frameworks
- Recommendations
- Developing skills and capacity
- Recommendations
- Working together
- Co-ordinating actions
- Recommendations
- Explaining choices
- Recommendations
- Monitoring practice
- Supervising compliance
- Recommendations
- Incorporating new knowledge
- Recommendations
- Annex 1.A. Safety measures and regulations
- References
- Notes
- 2 Hydrogen in context
- Hydrogen in the energy transition.
- Hydrogen strategies: ambitious and urgent goals for the Netherlands and the EU
- Status quo and future trends in hydrogen use worldwide
- Future trends
- Understanding and managing hydrogen risk
- References
- Notes
- 3 Regulatory governance and delivery in the energy transition
- Regulating innovation in the energy transition
- Regulatory policy and governance
- Risks in regulation
- The agility of regulation
- Regulatory delivery in the energy transition
- Licensing
- Inspections and enforcement
- Exercising precaution
- Precaution principle as regulatory approach
- Risk trade-offs
- Iterative approach
- Socio-political context
- Behavioural biases and public perceptions
- Precaution applied to innovation
- Safety-by-design
- References
- Notes
- 4 Hydrogen governance in the Netherlands
- How is hydrogen currently regulated in the Netherlands?
- Existing regulatory framework
- On-going initiatives
- Legislation
- Principles and guidelines
- Framework for pilots
- Institutional context
- Institutional context for hydrogen
- Licensing and inspections for hydrogen activities
- Licensing
- Inspection
- Conduciveness of regulatory framework
- References
- Notes
- 5 Hydrogen applications in practice
- Scenario 1 - Production through water electrolysis
- State of play
- Safety risks and measures
- Regulation and regulatory delivery
- In the Netherlands
- Other countries
- International standards
- Scenario 2 - Pipeline transport
- State of play
- Safety risks and measures
- Regulation and regulatory delivery
- In the Netherlands
- Other countries
- Scenario 3 - Road transport
- State of play
- Vehicles transporting hydrogen
- Hydrogen-powered vehicles
- Safety risks and measures
- Regulation and regulatory delivery
- In the Netherlands
- Vehicles transporting hydrogen
- Hydrogen-powered vehicles.
- Other countries
- International standards
- Scenario 4 - Mobility and partially confined spaces: tunnels
- State of play
- Safety risks and measures
- Regulation and regulatory delivery
- In the Netherlands
- Other countries
- International standards
- Scenario 5 - Mobility and partially confined spaces: refuelling stations
- State of play
- Safety risks measures
- Regulation and regulatory delivery
- In the Netherlands
- Other countries
- International standards
- Scenario 6 - Domestic use
- State of play
- Safety risks and measures
- Regulation and regulatory delivery
- In the Netherlands
- Other countries
- International standards
- References
- Notes
- Part I Literature review
- 6 Examining scenarios involving hydrogen leakage
- Structure
- Scenario 1 - Production: Leakage from pipes connected to electrolysers
- Scenario 2 - Transport pipelines: Leakage from high-pressure pipeline
- Scenario 3 - Road transport: Hydrogen leakage in confined spaces/ built environments
- Scenario 4 - Mobility and partially confined spaces: Examples of this scenario include a hydrogen city bus driving in a tunnel is involved in a collision traffic accident
- Scenario 5 - Mobility and partially confined spaces: Accidents at a hydrogen refuelling stations
- Scenario 6 - Domestic use: safety of hydrogen in buildings with focus on hydrogen heating of houses
- Key takeaways
- Areas for further research
- Reference
- Notes
- 7 Hydrogen safety aspects
- Hydrogen properties
- Vapour cloud dispersion
- Ignition
- Ignition sources
- Ignition probability
- Consequences
- Pressure hazards
- Fire and thermal hazards
- Tank rupture
- Safety strategies
- Detection sensors
- Ventilation
- References
- Notes
- 8 Mapping exercise
- Scenario 1 - Production: Leakage from the pipe connected to electrolyser.
- General concerns on hydrogen production site (Electrolysis)
- Pipeworks, focus on those connected to electrolysers
- Conclusions and knowledge gaps
- Gaps
- Scenario 2 - Pipeline transport: leakage from high pressure pipeline
- Zoning safety measures
- Ignition probability
- Frequency of failures
- The number of leaks and outflow
- Conclusions and knowledge gaps
- Gaps
- Scenario 3 - Road transport: H2 leakage in a confined space/ built environment
- Sensors in HFCVs
- Ventilation in parking garages
- Parking state (with a parking time of 8 hours)
- Idle state (with start-up and shutdown purge and idling time of 10 minutes)
- Accident involving HFCVs
- Risk assessment on life safety and financial losses in case of FCV accidents
- Conclusions and knowledge gaps
- Gaps
- Scenario 4 - Mobility and partially confined spaces: Examples of this scenario include a hydrogen city bus driving in a tunnel involved in a collision accident
- Conclusions and knowledge gaps
- Gaps
- Scenario 5 - Mobility and partially confined spaces: accidents at a hydrogen refuelling stations
- Conclusions and knowledge gaps
- Gaps
- Scenario 6 - Domestic use: Safety of hydrogen in buildings with focus on hydrogen based residential heating
- Hydrogen leaks from a low-pressure distribution network
- Hydrogen dispersion and accumulation in a house following a leak
- Hydrogen odourisation
- Conclusions and knowledge gaps
- Hydrogen distribution network
- Hydrogen usage in buildings
- Recommendations from pilot studies
- Gaps
- References
- Notes
- Part II Regulatory review
- 9 The hydrogen regulatory landscape
- Overview and discussion
- Production facilities
- Pipelines
- Road transport and mobility in confined spaces
- Hydrogen refuelling stations
- Domestic use
- Codes and standards related to scenarios.
- Good practices for safety in the different hydrogen applications
- Key takeaways
- Reference
- Notes
- 10 Review of hydrogen safety regulations
- Australia
- General legal framework for hydrogen
- Existing regulation for the six scenarios
- Scenario 1 - Production
- Scenario 2 - Transport pipelines
- Scenario 3 - Road transport
- Scenario 4 - Mobility and partially confined space: tunnels
- Scenario 5 - Mobility and partially confined spaces: refuelling stations
- Scenario 6 - Domestic use
- Authorities and institutions in charge of regulating hydrogen
- China
- General legal framework for hydrogen
- Authorities and institutions in charge of regulating hydrogen
- Existing regulation for the six scenarios
- Scenario 1 - Production
- Scenarios 2 and 3 - Transport pipelines and road transport
- Scenario 4 - Mobility and partially confined spaces: tunnels
- Scenario 5 - Mobility and partially confined spaces: refuelling stations
- Scenario 6 - Domestic use
- Additional data on specific standards and regulations
- France
- General legal framework for hydrogen
- Authorities and institutions in charge of regulating hydrogen
- Existing regulation for the six scenarios
- Scenario 1 - Production
- Scenarios 2 and 3 - Transport pipelines and road transport
- Scenarios 4 and 5 - Mobility and partially confined spaces: tunnels and refuelling stations
- Scenario 6 - Domestic use
- Additional national standards (recommendations) related to the 6 scenarios
- Hydrogen vehicles regulations
- Germany
- General legal framework for hydrogen
- Authorities and institutions in charge of regulating hydrogen
- Existing regulation for the six scenarios
- Scenario 1 - Production
- Scenarios 2 and 3 - Transport pipelines and road transport
- Scenario 4 - Mobility and partially confined spaces: tunnels.
- Scenario 5 - Mobility and partially confined spaces: refuelling stations.
