Fundamental design of steelmaking refractories
"The first part of the book accentuates the valuable basics of 'Heat and Mass Transfer', 'Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium phases', 'Packing and Stress in Compaction', 'Degree of Ceramic Bonding', 'Thermal and Mechanical Behavior', and 'High...
| Otros Autores: | |
|---|---|
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Hoboken, NJ :
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
2023.
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| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009755239506719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Intro
- Fundamental Design of Steelmaking Refractories
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgment
- About Author
- 1 Heat and Mass Transfer
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Energy Conservation
- 1.3 Conduction
- 1.3.1 Basic Concept and Properties
- 1.3.2 One-Dimensional Steady-state Conduction
- 1.3.3 Two-Dimensional Steady-state Conduction
- 1.4 Convection
- 1.4.1 Boundary Layers
- 1.4.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
- 1.4.3 Free and Forced Convection
- 1.4.4 Flow in Confined Region
- 1.5 Radiation
- 1.5.1 Basic Concepts
- 1.5.2 Emission from Real Surfaces
- 1.5.3 Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission by Real Surfaces
- 1.5.4 Exchange Radiation
- 1.6 Mass Transfer
- 1.6.1 Convection Mass Transfer
- 1.6.2 Multiphase Mass Transfer
- 1.6.3 Analogy-Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transfer
- 1.7 Heat Transfer in Refractory Lining
- 1.7.1 Tunnel Kiln
- 1.7.2 Ladle Lining
- References
- 2 Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Phases
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Basics of Phase Diagram
- 2.2.1 Gibb's Phase Rule
- 2.2.2 Binary Phase Diagram and Crystallization
- 2.2.3 Ternary Phase Diagram and Crystallization
- 2.2.4 Alkemade Lines
- 2.3 One-Component Phase Diagrams
- 2.3.1 Water
- 2.3.2 Quartz
- 2.4 Two-Component Phase Diagrams
- 2.4.1 Fe-C
- 2.4.2 Two Oxides Phase Diagrams
- 2.5 Three-Component Phase Diagrams
- 2.5.1 Three Oxides Phase Diagrams
- 2.5.2 FeO-SiO2-C
- 2.6 Nucleation and Crystal Growth
- 2.6.1 Homogenous and Heterogeneous Nucleation
- 2.6.2 Crystal Growth Process
- 2.7 Nonequilibrium Phases
- References
- 3 Packing, Stress, and Defects in Compaction
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Refractory Grading and Packing
- 3.2.1 Binary and Ternary System
- 3.2.2 Particle Morphology and Mechanical Response
- 3.2.3 Nanoscale Particles and Mechanical Response
- 3.2.4 Binder and Mixing on Packing.
- 3.3 Stress-Strain during Compaction
- 3.4 Agglomeration and Compaction
- 3.5 Uniaxial Pressing
- 3.6 Cold Isostatic Pressing
- 3.7 Defects in Shaped Refractories
- References
- 4 Degree of Ceramic Bonding
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Importance of Heating Compartment
- 4.2.1 Loading and Heating
- 4.2.2 Heat Distribution
- 4.2.3 Temperature Conformity
- 4.3 Initial Stage Sintering
- 4.3.1 Sintering Mechanisms of Two-particle Model
- 4.3.2 Atomic Diffusion
- 4.3.3 Sintering Kinetics
- 4.3.4 Sintering Variables
- 4.3.5 Limitations of Initial Stage of Sintering
- 4.4 Intermediate and Final Stage Sintering
- 4.4.1 Intermediate Stage Model
- 4.4.2 Final Stage Model
- 4.4.3 Influence of Entrapped Gases
- 4.5 Microstructure Alteration
- 4.5.1 Recrystallization and Grain Growth
- 4.5.2 Grain Growth: Normal and Abnormal
- 4.5.3 Pores and Secondary Crystallization
- 4.6 Sintering with Low Melting Constituents
- 4.7 Bonding Below 1000 °C
- 4.7.1 Organic Binder
- 4.7.2 Inorganic Binder
- 4.7.3 Carbonaceous Binder
- References
- 5 Thermal and Mechanical Behavior
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Mechanical Properties
- 5.2.1 Elastic Modulus
- 5.2.2 Hardness
- 5.2.3 Fracture Toughness
- 5.2.4 Strength
- 5.2.5 Fatigue
- 5.3 Cracking
- 5.3.1 Theory of Brittle Fracture
- 5.3.2 Physics of Fracture
- 5.3.3 Spontaneous Microcracking
- 5.4 Thermal Properties
- 5.4.1 Stress Anisotropy and Magnitude
- 5.4.2 Thermal Conductivity
- 5.4.3 Thermal Expansion
- 5.4.4 Thermal Shock
- 5.4.5 Thermal Stress Distribution
- 5.5 Thermomechanical Response
- 5.5.1 Refractoriness under Load
- 5.5.2 Creep in Compression (CIC)
- 5.5.3 Hot Modulus of Rupture
- 5.6 Wear
- 5.6.1 System-dependent Phenomena
- 5.6.2 Adhesive
- 5.6.3 Abrasive
- 5.6.4 Erosive
- 5.6.5 Oxidative
- References
- 6 High Temperature Refractory Corrosion
- 6.1 Introduction.
- 6.2 Thermodynamic Perceptions
- 6.3 Effect of Temperature and Water Vapor
- 6.4 Slag-Refractory Interactions
- 6.4.1 Diffusion in Solids
- 6.4.2 Oxidation
- 6.4.3 Infiltration
- 6.4.4 Dissolution
- 6.4.5 Crystallite Alteration
- 6.4.6 Endell, Fehling, and Kley Model
- 6.5 Phenomenological Approach and Slag Design
- 6.5.1 Refractory Solubility
- 6.5.2 Slag Composition and Volume Optimization
- References
- 7 Operation and Refractories for Primary Steel
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Operational Features in BOF
- 7.2.1 Charging and Blowing
- 7.2.2 Mode of Blowing
- 7.2.3 Physicochemical Change in BOF
- 7.2.4 Tapping
- 7.2.5 Slag Formation
- 7.3 Operational Features in EAF
- 7.4 Refractory Designing and Lining
- 7.4.1 Steel Chemistry and Slag Composition
- 7.4.2 Thermal and Mechanical Stress
- 7.4.3 Refractory Lining and Corrosive Wear
- 7.4.4 Refractory Composition and Properties
- 7.5 Refractory Maintenance Practice
- 7.6 Philosophy to Consider Raw Materials
- 7.7 Microstructure-dependent Properties of Refractories
- 7.7.1 Microstructure Deterioration Inhibition to Improve Slag Corrosion Resistance
- 7.7.2 Slag Coating to Protect the Working Surface
- 7.7.3 Microstructure Reinforcement by Evaporation-Condensation of Pitch
- 7.7.4 Whisker Insertion to Reinforce Microstructure
- 7.7.5 Fracture Toughness Enhancement and Crack Propagation Inhibition
- References
- 8 Operation and Refractories for Secondary Steelmaking
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Steel Diversity, Nomenclature, and Use
- 8.3 Vessels for Different Grades of Steel
- 8.4 Operational Features of Vessels
- 8.4.1 Ladle Furnace (LF)
- 8.4.2 Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD)
- 8.4.3 Vacuum Ladle Degassing Process
- 8.4.4 Stirring and Refining Process in Degassing
- 8.4.5 Composition Adjustment by Sealed Ar Bubbling with Oxygen Blowing (CAS-OB).
- 8.4.6 RH Snorkel
- 8.5 Designing Aspects of Refractories
- 8.6 Refractories for Working Lining
- 8.6.1 Magnesia-Carbon Refractories
- 8.6.2 Alumina-Magnesia-Carbon Refractories
- 8.6.3 Dolo-Carbon Refractories
- 8.6.4 Magnesia-chrome (MgO-Cr2O3)
- 8.6.5 Spinel Bricks
- References
- 9 Precast and Purging System
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Composition Design of Castables
- 9.2.1 Choice of Raw Materials and Properties
- 9.2.2 Choice of Binders
- 9.2.3 Aggregates Grading
- 9.2.4 On-site Castable Casting
- 9.3 Precast-Shape Design and Manufacturing
- 9.4 Precast Shapes and Casting
- 9.5 Purging Plugs
- 9.5.1 Plug Design and Refractory
- 9.5.2 Gas Purging
- 9.5.3 Installation and Maintenance
- 9.5.4 Clogging and Corrosion
- References
- 10 Refractories for Flow Control
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 First-Second-Third Generation Slide Gate
- 10.3 New Generation Ladle Slide Gate System
- 10.4 Ladle Slide Gate Plate
- 10.4.1 Critical Design Parameters
- 10.4.2 Selection of Slide Plate and Fixing
- 10.4.3 Materials and Fabrication of SGP
- 10.4.4 Mode of Failures
- 10.4.5 FEA for Stress and Cracking
- 10.5 Tundish Slide Gate and Plate
- 10.5.1 Modern Slide Gate and Refractory Assembly
- 10.5.2 Materials and Fabrication
- 10.5.3 Cracking and Corrosion Phenomena
- 10.6 Short Nozzles for Ladle and Tundish
- 10.7 Nozzle Diameter and Gate Opening in Flow
- References
- 11 Refractories for Continuous Casting
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Importance of Long Nozzles in Steel Transfer
- 11.2.1 Furnace to Ladle Transfer
- 11.2.2 Ladle to Tundish Transfer
- 11.2.3 Tundish to Mold Transfer
- 11.3 Tundish Lining
- 11.3.1 Lining and Failure
- 11.3.2 Lining Improvement and Maintenance
- 11.4 Ladle Shroud (LS)
- 11.4.1 Design and Geometry
- 11.4.2 Failures, Materials and Processing
- 11.4.3 Operational Practice.
- 11.4.4 Flow Pattern
- 11.5 Mono Block Stopper
- 11.5.1 Preheating Schedule
- 11.5.2 Installation
- 11.5.3 Failures
- 11.5.4 Glazing
- 11.6 Submerged-Entry Nozzle
- 11.6.1 Installation and Failures
- 11.6.2 SEN Fixing for Thin Slab Caster
- 11.6.3 SES Installation and Failures
- 11.6.4 Corrosion and Clogging
- References
- 12 Premature Refractory Life by Other Parameters
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Refractory Manufacturing Defects
- 12.2.1 Consistence Raw Material
- 12.2.2 Processing Parameters
- 12.2.3 Pressing and Firing
- 12.3 Packing and Transport
- 12.3.1 Packaging and Packing Material
- 12.3.2 Vibration-free Packaging
- 12.3.3 Loading, Transporting, and Unloading
- 12.4 Procurement and Lining Failures
- 12.4.1 Total Cost of Ownership Concept
- 12.4.2 Preliminary Features of Lining
- 12.4.3 Workmanship
- 12.5 Preventive Maintenance in Operation
- 12.5.1 Professional Service
- 12.5.2 Slag Composition, Temperature, and Viscosity
- 12.5.3 Monitor and Maintenance of Lining
- 12.6 Consistent Supply and Time Management
- 12.6.1 Cycle Concept
- 12.6.2 Pull/Push Concept
- References
- Index
- EULA.
