Biofuel extraction techniques biofuels, solar, and other technologies

BIOFUEL EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES The energy industry and new energy sources and innovations are rapidly changing and evolving. This new volume addresses the current state-of-the-art concepts and technologies associated with biofuel extraction technologies. Biofuels are a viable alternative to petroleum...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Otros Autores:	Prasad, Lalit, editor (editor), Pradhan, Subhalaxmi, editor, Naik, S. N., editor
Formato:	Libro electrónico
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and Scrivener Publishing LLC [2023]
Materias:	Biomass energy.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:	https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009752724806719

Tabla de Contenidos:

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Plant Seed Oils and Their Potential for Biofuel Production in India
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background
1.3 Non-Edible Oil as Feedstock for Biodiesel
1.3.1 Jatropha
1.3.2 Pongamia
1.3.3 Mahua
1.3.4 Nahor
1.3.5 Rubber
1.3.6 Lesser Explored Non-Edible Oils for Biodiesel Feedstock in India
1.4 Fuel Qualities
1.4.1 Cetane Number
1.4.2 Acid Value
1.4.3 Ester Content, Glycerides, and Glycerol
1.4.4 Phosphorus Content
1.4.5 Iodine Value
1.4.6 Oxidation Stability
1.4.7 Linolenic Acid Methyl Esters
1.4.8 Polyunsaturated (≥ 4 Double Bonds) Methyl Esters
1.5 Conclusion
Author Contributions
References
Chapter 2 Processing of Feedstock in Context of Biodiesel Production
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Feedstock in Context of Biodiesel
2.3 Processing of Oilseeds
2.3.1 Pretreatment
2.3.2 Decortication
2.3.2.1 Characteristics of Oilseeds Required for Decortication
2.3.2.2 Decortication Method
2.4 Oil Extraction Methods
2.4.1 Aqueous Method
2.4.2 Hydraulic Press
2.4.3 Ghani (Animal or Power-Driven)
2.4.4 Solvent Extraction Method
2.4.5 Mechanical Extraction Method
2.4.6 Microwave Assisted Oil Extraction
2.4.7 Ultrasonic Assisted Oil Extraction
2.4.8 Supercritical Assisted Oil Extraction
2.5 Catalyst
2.5.1 Homogeneous Catalyst
2.5.2 Heterogeneous Catalyst
2.5.3 Biocatalyst
2.6 Production Process of Biodiesel
2.7 Techniques for Biodiesel Production
2.7.1 Catalytic Transesterification Technique
2.7.2 Pyrolysis
2.7.3 Microwave Assisted
2.7.4 Ultrasonic Assisted
2.7.5 Supercritical Assisted
2.8 Advantages &amp
Disadvantages of Using Biodiesel
2.9 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives of Biodiesel
2.10 Summary
References.
Chapter 3 Extraction Techniques for Biodiesel Production
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Direct Use and Blending
3.3 Microemulsion
3.4 Pyrolysis
3.5 Transesterification
3.5.1 Homogeneous Catalyzed Transesterification
3.5.2 Heterogeneous Catalyzed Transesterification
3.5.3 Enzyme Catalyzed Transesterification
3.5.4 Supercritical Alcohol Transesterification
3.6 Intensification Methods for Biodiesel Production
3.6.1 Ultrasonic Method
3.6.2 Microwave Method
3.6.3 Cosolvent Method
3.6.4 Membrane Technology
3.6.5 Reactive Distillation
3.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Role of Additives on Anaerobic Digestion, Biomethane Generation, and Stabilization of Process Parameters
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Anaerobic Digestion Process
4.3 Metallic Additives
4.4 Alkali Additives
4.5 Biological Additives
4.5.1 Microorganisms
4.5.2 Enzymes
4.6 Carbon-Based Additives
4.6.1 Graphene
4.6.2 Carbon Nanotubes
4.6.3 Activated Carbon
4.6.4 Biochar
4.7 Nanoparticles
4.7.1 Fe Nanoparticles
4.7.2 Nanoparticles of Ag and ZnO
4.7.3 Nanoparticles of Fe2O4
4.8 Other Natural Additives
4.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 5 An Overview on Established and Emerging Biogas Upgradation Systems for Improving Biomethane Quality
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Available Biogas Upgradation Techniques
5.3 Microbial Methane Enrichment
5.4 Bioelectrochemical System
5.5 Photosynthetic Biogas Upgradation
5.6 Techno-Economics of Biological Biogas Upgradation Technologies
5.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 6 Renewable Feedstocks for Biofuels
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sugar Containing Plant Crops
6.2.1 Sugar Cane (Saccharum officinarum)
6.2.2 Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.)
6.2.3 Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)
6.3 Crops.
6.3.1 Corn (Zea mays)
6.3.2 CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta)
6.4 Oilseed
6.4.1 Soybean (Glycine max)
6.4.2 Palm (Elaeis guineensis)
6.4.3 Canola Oil
6.4.4 Sunflower Oil
6.4.5 Castor Oil
6.4.6 Cottonseed Oil
6.4.7 Jatropha Oil (Jatropha curcas)
6.4.8 Jojoba Oil
6.4.9 NEEM (Azadirachta indica)
6.5 Lignocellulosic Waste
6.5.1 Sugarcane Bagasse
6.5.2 Rice Husk
6.5.3 Corn Stover
6.5.4 Wheat Straw
6.6 Sea Waste
6.6.1 Algae Biomass and Oil
6.7 Liquid Waste
6.7.1 Vinasse
6.7.2 Glycerol
6.7.3 POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent)
6.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Extraction Techniques of Gas.to.Liquids (GtL) Fuels
7.1 Introduction
7.2 History and Origin of Gas to Liquid Technology
7.3 What is Gas to Liquids (GtL) Fuel?
7.4 Need and Benefits from Gas to Liquid Technology
7.5 Extraction or Conversion Techniques of Gas to Liquid Fuels
7.5.1 Gas to Liquid by Direct Conversion
7.5.2 Gas to Liquid by Indirect Conversion
7.5.2.1 Natural Gas Reforming or Methane Reforming (Syngas)
7.5.2.2 Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Synthesis
7.5.2.3 Conversion
7.6 Advancements in Gas to Liquid Technology
7.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Second Generation Biofuels and Extraction Techniques
List of Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pre-Treatment of Lignocellulosic Biomasses
8.2.1 Physical Pre-Treatment Methods
8.2.2 Chemical Pre-Treatment Methods
8.2.3 Physico-Chemical Pre-Treatment Methods
8.2.4 Biological Pre-Treatment Methods
8.3 Extraction of Biofuel from Lignocellulosic Biomass
8.3.1 Pyrolysis
8.3.2 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
8.4 Bioethanol
8.4.1 Aromatic Lignocellulosic Biomass as Potential Candidate for Bioethanol
8.4.2 Enzymatic Saccharification
8.4.3 Ethanol Conversion Processes.
8.4.4 Process for the Production of Ethanol from Sugary Crops
8.4.5 Process for the Production of Ethanol from Starchy Crops
8.4.6 Process for the Production of Bioethanol from Cellulosic Biomass and Spent Aromatic Crops
8.4.7 Purification of Bioethanol
8.5 Biodiesel Production from Fatty Acids
8.5.1 Chemical Catalytic Process
8.5.1.1 Homogeneous Base-Catalysed Transesterification
8.5.1.2 Homogeneous Acid-Catalysed Transesterification
8.5.1.3 Heterogeneous Catalysts
8.5.1.4 Alkali Earth Metal Oxides
8.5.1.5 Acid/Base Zeolites
8.5.1.6 Heteropolyacids
8.5.1.7 Waste Biomass Derived Heterogeneous Catalysts
8.5.1.8 Heterogeneous Nanocatalysts
8.5.2 Biochemical Catalysts
8.6 Levulinic Acid (LA)
8.6.1 Extraction of Levulinic Acid (LA) from Waste and Lignocellulosic Biomass
8.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Bio-Alcohol: Production, Purification, and Analysis Using Analytical Techniques
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biomethanol Extraction
9.2.1 Thermochemical Conversion Process
9.2.2 Biochemical Conversion Process
9.2.3 Anaerobic Digestion
9.3 Bioethanol Extraction
9.3.1 Extraction of Bioethanol from the Waste Flower (Starchy Material)
9.3.2 Analytical Methods for Determination of Bioethanol
9.3.3 Bioethanol Extraction from Sugarcane
9.4 Biopropanol Extraction
9.5 Bioglycerol Extraction
9.6 Bioethylene Glycol Extraction
9.7 Branched-Chain Bioalcohols Extraction
9.8 Purification of Bioalcohol
9.8.1 Distillation
9.8.2 Adsorption
9.8.3 Ozonation
9.8.4 Gas Striping
9.8.5 Pervaporation
9.8.6 Vaccum Fermentation
9.8.7 Solvent Extraction
9.9 Quantification of Bioalcohols
9.9.1 Gas Chromatography (GC)
9.9.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
9.9.3 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
9.9.4 Olfactometry.
9.10 Recent Perspective of Bioalcohol Production
9.11 Conclusion and Future Trends of Bioalcohol
References
Chapter 10 Studies on Extraction Techniques of Bio-Hydrogen
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Bio-Hydrogen Production Process
10.2.1 Fermentation
10.2.1.1 Dark Fermentation
10.2.1.2 Photo Fermentation
10.2.1.3 Sequential Dark and Photo Fermentation
10.3 Bio-Photolysis
10.3.1 Direct Bio-Photolysis
10.3.2 Indirect Bio-Photolysis
10.4 Microbial Electrolysis Cell
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Valorization of By-Products Produced During the Extraction and Purification of Biofuels
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biodiesel Production Process and Its Byproducts
11.2.1 Valorization of De-Oiled Seed Cakes
11.2.1.1 Valorization of De-Oiled Cake via Anaerobic Digestion Route
11.2.2 Valorization of Glycerol
11.2.2.1 Valorization of Glycerol via Anaerobic Digestion Route
11.2.2.2 Valorization of Glycerol via Biological Conversion Route
11.2.2.3 Valorization of Glycerol via Chemical Conversion Route
11.2.2.4 Valorization of Glycerol via Catalytic Conversion Route
11.2.2.5 Valorization of Glycerol via Thermochemical Conversion Route
11.3 Biorefinery Concept Based on Utilization of Whole Oilseed Plant
11.4 Valorization of Byproducts Obtained in the Bioethanol Fermentation Process
11.5 Valorization of Byproducts Obtained in Anaerobic Digestion Process
11.5.1 Valorization of CO2 Content in Biogas
11.5.2 Valorization of Digestate
11.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 12 Valorization of Byproducts Produced During Extraction and Purification of Biodiesel: A Promising Biofuel
List of Abbreviations
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Glycerol
12.2.1 Properties of Glycerol
12.2.2 Classifications of Glycerol
12.2.3 Global Glycerol Market
12.2.4 Applications.
12.2.4.1 Conversion of Glycerol into Value-Added Product.

Biofuel extraction techniques biofuels, solar, and other technologies

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