OECD environmental performance reviews Brazil 2015

This report is the first OECD review of Brazil's environmental performance. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and protected areas.The OECD Environmental Performance Review Programme provides i...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal:	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (author)
Autor Corporativo:	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, author (author)
Formato:	Libro electrónico
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	Paris, France : Organisation For Economic Co-operation and Development [2015]
Colección:	OECD environmental performance reviews.
Materias:	Environmental protection > Brazil. Sustainable development > Brazil. Environmental policy > Brazil.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:	https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009706583706719

Tabla de Contenidos:

Intro
Preface
Foreword
Table of contents
Reader's guide
General notes
Abbreviations and acronyms
Executive summary
Brazil's continued development depends on the sustainable use of environmental resources
Progress in reducing Amazon deforestation has been impressive
Nearly 2 000 protected areas provide large socio-economic opportunities
Brazil has ambitious biodiversity targets but policy coherence needs to be improved
Environmental laws are stringent but implementation gaps persist
Brazil should make a wider use of green taxes and remove harmful tax exemptions
Brazil needs to further improve its infrastructure and remove barriers to eco-innovation
Assessment and recommendations
1. Brazil's environmental performance: An overview
Climate change
Figure 1. Selected environmental performance indicators
Air quality
Waste management
Biodiversity conservation and sustainable use
Water resources
Recommendations on climate change policy and air, water and waste management
2. Environmental governance and management
Multilevel environmental governance framework
Financing of environmental institutions
Environmental legislation
Environmental licensing, compliance and enforcement
Environmental democracy
3. Greening the economy in the context of sustainable development
The sustainable development framework
Recommendations on environmental governance and management
Greening the system of taxes and charges
Environment-related investment and financing
Figure 2. BNDES environment-related disbursements have increased significantly
Investment in clean energy and sustainable transport
Eco-innovation and environmental goods and services
Development co-operation
Recommendations on greening the economy in the context of sustainable development.
Recommendations on greening the economy in the context of sustainable development (cont.)
4. Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
Brazil's biodiversity: state, trends and pressures
Figure 3. Expanding protected areas has helped reduce deforestation in the Amazon
Improving the knowledge base for biodiversity policy
Policy framework for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use
An integrated strategy to combat deforestation
The new Forest Code and the Rural Environmental Cadastre
Payments for ecosystem services and conditional cash-transfer programmes
Access to genetic resources and benefit sharing
Mainstreaming biodiversity consideration in agriculture, fishery and energy policies
5. Protected areas
The expansion of the protected area system
Recommendations on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
Recommendations on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity (cont.)
The institutional framework
Establishment of protected areas
Effective management of protected areas
Human resources
Financial resources
Promoting public visitation
Extractive and sustainable development reserves
Recommendations on protected areas
Notes
References
Basic statistics of Brazil (2013 or latest available year)
Executive summary
Assessment and recommendations
Part I. Progress towards sustainable development
Chapter 1. Key environmental trends
1. Introduction
2. Key economic and social developments
2.1. Economic performance
Figure 1.1. Brazil's per capita income reached higher levels than in most BRIICS countries
Figure 1.2. Unemployment decreased while labour income increased
2.2. Structure of the economy and trade
2.3. Regional disparities and inequality
Figure 1.3. Per capita income varies widely across Brazilian states.
2.4. Population, urbanisation and quality of life
Figure 1.4. Life satisfaction in Brazil is high, but some constraints remain
3. Transition to an energy-efficient and low-carbon economy
3.1. Energy use in Brazil
Figure 1.5. Renewables make up an increasingly large share of the energy supply
Figure 1.6. Energy consumption in transport and industry has been rising rapidly
3.2. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
Figure 1.7. GHG emissions from deforestation declined, but emissions are rising in other sectors
Figure 1.8. Brazil's carbon intensity remains low by international comparison
3.3. Other air emissions and air quality
Figure 1.9. Transport-related air emissions are decreasing, but overall emissions are rising
4. Transition to a resource-efficient economy
4.1. Material consumption
Figure 1.10. Domestic material consumption increased faster than GDP
4.2. Waste management
Figure 1.11. Waste management has improved, but remains challenging in rural areas
4.3. Agriculture and nutrient inputs
Figure 1.12. The use of agricultural chemicals is high and increasing
5. Managing the natural asset base
5.1. Biodiversity
Figure 1.13. Vegetation cover has declined in some Brazilian biomes
Figure 1.14. A large share of Brazil's territory is under environmental protection
5.2. Water resources
Figure 1.15. Water use, especially by agriculture, has increased considerably
Figure 1.16. Water quality is critical in many urban areas
Figure 1.17. Access to sewage collection networks and sewage treatment needs to be expanded
Recommendations on climate change policy and air, water and waste management
Notes
References
Annex 1.A. Energy and transport data
Figure 1.A1. Energy structure and intensity
Figure 1.A2. Road transport
Annex 1.B. Climate change and air pollution data.
Figure 1.B1. GHG emissions and intensity
Figure 1.B2. CO2 emissions and intensity
Figure 1.B3. SOx emissions and intensity
Figure 1.B4. NOx emissions and intensity
Figure 1.B5. PM2.5 emissions and pollution
Annex 1.C. Waste and resource management data
Figure 1.C1. Waste generation and management
Figure 1.C2. Material consumption and productivity
Figure 1.C3. Agricultural inputs and livestock density
Annex 1.D. Biodiversity and water data
Figure 1.D1. Fish catches and threatened species
Figure 1.D2. Water abstraction and wastewater treatment
Chapter 2. Environmental governance and management
1. Multilevel institutional framework for environmental governance
Table 2.1. SISNAMA at different government levels
1.1. National institutions and horizontal co-ordination
Box 2.1. Institutional framework for water governance
1.2. Subnational institutions
Box 2.2. São Paulo's GreenBlue Programme
Figure 2.1. Many municipalities have established an environmental institution
1.3. Vertical collaboration mechanisms
2. Environmental institution budgets and environmental funds
Figure 2.2. The federal budget allocated to environmental institutions has grown
Table 2.2. Federal environment funds
3. Key environment-related policies and regulations
Box 2.3. Principal federal environment laws
3.1. Climate change
Table 2.3. Sectoral climate change mitigation and adaptation programmes to 2020
3.2. Air pollution control
Table 2.4. National air quality standards vs. WHO guidelines
3.3. Water resource management
Box 2.4. National Water Management Pact
3.4. Waste management
4. Environmental impact assessment and licensing
4.1. Environmental licensing
Table 2.5. State perspective on environmental licensing: Challenges and proposals.
Box 2.5. Selected environmental licensing regulations
4.2. Environmental impact assessment
4.3. Land use planning
5. Environmental compliance assurance
5.1. Promotion of compliance and green practices
Table 2.6. Environment-related resolutions and circulars of the Brazilian Central Bank
Box 2.6. The Equator Principles
5.2. Environmental inspections
5.3. Enforcement tools
5.4. Environmental liability
6. Promoting environmental democracy
6.1. Public participation in environmental decision making
6.2. Provision of and access to environmental information
Box 2.7. Brazil's sustainable development indicators
6.3. Access to justice
Box 2.8. Litigation over the Belo Monte Dam construction
6.4. Environmental awareness and education
Figure 2.3. Deforestation is Brazilians' top environmental concern, except among urban dwellers
Recommendations on environmental governance and management
Notes
References
Chapter 3. Greening the economy in the context of sustainable development
1. Introduction
2. The policy framework for sustainable development and the green economy
2.1. The strategic framework for sustainable development
2.2. Aligning social policies with environmental objectives
Box 3.1. Brazil's flagship social protection programme, Bolsa Família
3. Greening the system of taxes and charges
3.1. Brazil's tax system and the environment: An overview
Box 3.2. Using oil and gas revenue for environmental purposes
Figure 3.1. Revenue from environmentally related taxes has declined
3.2. Energy taxes and charges
Figure 3.2. Effective tax rates on CO2 emissions from energy use are low
Table 3.1. Fuel consumption tax rates, 2001-15
Figure 3.3. CO2 emissions from transport fuel use are taxed less than in most other countries
3.3. Vehicle taxes.
Figure 3.4. Revenue from vehicle taxes grew with the vehicle fleet.

OECD environmental performance reviews Brazil 2015

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