Plastic Additives
This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used as additives in plastics to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals to the environment.
| Autor principal: | |
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| Autores Corporativos: | , |
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Paris :
OECD Publishing
2014.
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| Colección: | Series on Emission Scenario Documents,
no.3. |
| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009706135206719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Explanatory Notes 7 1. Introduction 17 -1.1 Overview of document 17 -1.2 Using this document 18 2. The Plastics Industry 19 -2.1 Activities of the industry 19 -2.2 General structure of the industry 20 -2.3 Polymers 22 -2.4 End uses for plastics 22 -2.5 Plastics materials or compounds 23 -2.6 Masterbatches 24 -2.7 The European dimension 25 3. Plastics Processing and Use 26 -3.1 Raw materials' handling 27 -3.2 Compounding 27 -3.3 Conversion Processes 31 -3.4 Use of processes 38 4. Quantities and Applications of Polymers 39 -4.1 Plastics usage by process 39 -4.2 Applications of plastics materials 39 -4.3 Life expectancy of plastics 40 -4.4 Waste disposal practices in the plastics processing industry 41 -4.5 Disposal and recycling of plastics products 41 5. Quantities of Additives Used 44 -5.1 Estimates of quantities of polymer used on representative sites 44 -5.2 Quantities of additive used on site 46 6 Introduction to the Model 48 -6.1 Release from manufacture of plastics materials 48 -6.2 Release from use (service life) and disposal of plastics materials 52 -6.3 Example calculations 55 7. Fillers 59 -7.1 General description 59 7.2 Estimating percentage (%) losses 61 8. Plasticisers 64 -8.1 General description 64 -8.2 Estimating percentage losses 70 9. Antioxidents 73 -9.1 General description 73 -9.2 Estimating percentage (%) losses 76 10. Coupling Agents 79 -10.1 General description 79 -10.2 Estimating Percentage (%) Losses 80 11. Colourants 81 -11.1 General description 81 -11.2 Estimating percentage (%) losses 82 12. UV and Other Weathering Stabilisers 85 -12.1 General description 85 -12.2 Estimating percentage (%) losses 85 13. Polymeric Impact Modifiers 88 -13.1 General description 88 -13.2 Estimating percentage (%) losses 89 14. Anti-Static Agents 91 -14.1 General description 91 -14.2 Estimating percentage (%) losses 92 15. Flame Retardants 96 -15.1 General description 96 -15.2 Estimating Percentage (%) Losses 97 16. Preservatives (Biocides) 101 -16.1 General description 101 -16.2 Estimating percentage (%) losses 102 17. Curing Agents 105 -17.1 General description 105 -17.2 Estimating percentage (%) losses 105 18. Blowing Agents 107 -18.1 General description 107 19. Heat Stabilisers 10 -19.1 General description 110 -19.2 Estimating percentage (%) losses 111 20. Slip Promoters 115 -20.1 General description 115 -20.2 Estimating percentage (%) losses 115 2.1 Viscosity Aids 119 -21.1 General description 119 -21.2 Estimating percentage (%) losses 119 22. References 121 Appendix I. Acronyms for Polymers 122 Appendix II. Vapour Pressure and Volatile Loss 123 Appendix III. Processes and Additives for Specific Polymers 126 Appendix IV. Diffusion Model for Predicting Service Life Emissions to Air of Polymers 136
