Chile 2015

Special feature: Bringing all Chileans on board.

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor Corporativo:	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, contributor (contributor)
Formato:	Libro electrónico
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	Paris : OECD Publishing [2015]
Colección:	OECD Economic surveys (Series)
Materias:	Economic history. Chile > Economic conditions. Chile > Economic policy.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:	https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009705836506719

Tabla de Contenidos:

Intro
Table of contents
Basic statistics of Chile, 2014
Executive summary
Despite sharply lower copper prices, Chile's economic growth has been resilient
GDP growth should recover
Growth needs to become more inclusive, especially for women
Participation of women is relatively low
School reform is on its way to lift student outcomes
Many students lack minimum skills
Assessment and recommendations
Figure 1. Incomes have risen and well-being is high in many dimensions
Table 1. Well-being indicators
The economy has been more resilient than its peers
Figure 2. The fall in copper demand has depressed investment and output growth
Figure 3. Depreciation has put upward pressure on prices
Figure 4. Unemployment has remained low but is rising
Table 2. Macroeconomic indicators and projections
Chile faces several medium-term uncertainties
Figure 5. Export destinations for Chile
Box 1. Shocks that could affect the Chilean economy
The fiscal rule has worked well but could be made more robust
Figure 6. The government's fiscal and financial positions remain sound
Banking supervision could be further strengthened
Table 3. Financial indicators
Recalibrating some aspects of the reform agenda could contribute to raising business confidence
Figure 7. Consumer and business confidence has deteriorated
Strengthening the inclusiveness of growth
Figure 8. Social cohesion indicators
Better quality and equity of compulsory education is the linchpin of inclusive growth
Figure 9. Better quality of education increases economic growth
Figure 10. Improving education quality to achieve universal basic skills can boost growth of GDP
Figure 11. Average spending per student between the ages of 6 and 15 is low
Tertiary education reform should focus on access and quality.
Figure 12. Access to tertiary education has improved but remains unequal
A skills strategy would help to address mismatch problems
Tax reform for a more inclusive Chile
Table 4. Estimated increase in tax collection
Improving the pension system is important to address inequality
Labour reform should focus on protecting workers for a more inclusive labour market
Figure 13. Workers on temporary contracts face very high rates of job turnover
Raising female participation is essential
Figure 14. Gender gaps in labour force participation and spending on active labour market policies
Boosting productivity and investment
Figure 15. Total factor productivity with and without mining
Figure 16. R&D expenditure and incentives
Strengthening the competition framework is crucial
Improving the regulatory environment will facilitate more dynamism
Figure 17. Business regulation remains restrictive in multiple areas
Successful innovation promotion programmes could develop new fields
Environmental challenges are being addressed
Figure 18. CO2 intensity of electricity
Bibliography
Annex. Progress in structural reform
Thematic chapters
Chapter 1. Bringing all Chileans on board
Figure 1.1. Despite strong progress reducing poverty, high levels of inequality remain
How inclusive is Chile?
Figure 1.2. Income inequality is especially high at the top of the distribution
Reducing income inequality can help increase growth and promote social mobility
Figure 1.3. Income inequality reflects inequality of opportunity
Box 1.1. Intergenerational social mobility in Chile and its determinants
Improving the tax and welfare system
Figure 1.4. The tax and transfer system should do more to reduce inequality
Raise more tax revenues
Figure 1.5. Public expenditure and tax revenue are very low.
Box 1.2. The 2014 tax reform
Table 1.1. Revenue projections from the 2014 tax reform
Create a more inclusive pension system
Figure 1.6. Net replacement rates for full-career workers are relatively low
Strengthen cash transfer programmes for the most vulnerable populations
Figure 1.7. Public spending on cash benefits for family are very low
Enhance fiscal equalisation to reduce regional inequalities
Reducing inequalities in the labour market
Figure 1.8. Labour income inequality is the main contributor to household market income inequality
Update labour legislation to help reduce inequality
Box 1.3. The labour market reform
Figure 1.9. The effect of increasing union membership would be stronger for middle income households
Focus on protecting workers rather than jobs
Box 1.4. The Italian labour market reform: Single contracts
Figure 1.10. Reducing the share of temporary contracts can reduce earnings inequality
Efficient activation policies to improve labour opportunities for the less advantageous
Figure 1.11. Spending in active labour market policies is very low
Closing gender gaps
Figure 1.12. Women face all kind of inequalities
Figure 1.13. Differences in the type of job explain most of the gender pay gap in Chile
Reduce gender gaps to boost inclusive growth
Figure 1.14. Gender gaps in the workforce contribute to income loss and high inequality
Figure 1.15. The number of women in parliament is correlated with income inequality
Enhance policies to help women join the labour force
Create awareness to fight discrimination
Recommendations to bring all Chileans on board
Bibliography
Chapter 2. Better skills for inclusive growth
Skills, productivity and inclusive growth.
Figure 2.1. Chile needs to increase labour productivity to catch up with best performing OECD countries
Figure 2.2. Upper secondary education attainment is relatively high among young adults
Figure 2.3. A low share of students beat the socio-economic odds stacked against them
Attaining universal skills to boost economic growth
Figure 2.4. Improving the quality of education can boost GDP growth
Developing universal skills through quality education
Figure 2.5. Socio-economically advantaged students outscored their disadvantaged peers
Invest more in early childhood education
Figure 2.6. Coverage of childcare and pre-school services is low across all income quintiles
Build more inclusive schools
Figure 2.7. Quality of education varies a lot by municipality and region, and is correlated with income
Figure 2.8. Average spending per student between the ages of 6 and 15 is low
Reshape teacher careers
Figure 2.9. The percentage of certified teachers reported by school principals in PISA is very low
Ensuring all adults can access quality higher education and get the right skills
Figure 2.10. Access to tertiary education has improved but remains unequal
Reduce financial constraints to low income students
Box 2.1. Funding systems for universities: Three OECD examples
Tackle horizontal inequality
Figure 2.11. There are large horizontal inequalities in higher education
Activating skills and using them effectively
Strengthen vocational education and training to better respond to labour market needs
Box 2.2. Examples of vocational education and training systems in the OECD
Better labour market institutions can help allocate skills more effectively
Figure 2.12. Employment protection legislation is relatively more restrictive for permanent workers.
Promote more participation of women in the fields of engineering and computer sciences
Figure 2.13. Gender gaps in performance in science and mathematics are high
Figure 2.14. Parents' expectations for their children careers are gender biased
Recommendations to improve skills
Bibliography.

Chile 2015

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