Disability, Work and Inclusion
One in seven working-age adults identifies as having a disability in OECD countries, a share that is also substantial and growing among young people (8% in 2019). Many of them are excluded from meaningful work and have low levels of income and social engagement.
| Autor principal: | |
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| Autor Corporativo: | |
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Paris :
Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development
2022.
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| Edición: | 1st ed |
| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009704826606719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Intro
- Preface
- Foreword
- Acknowledgements
- Table of contents
- Acronyms and abbreviations
- Executive summary
- 1 Assessment and recommendations
- Disability mainstreaming: The key to implementing a new policy paradigm
- Labour market outcomes of people with disability
- Employment rates of people with disability remain stubbornly low
- Labour market dynamics are different for people with disability
- Rising labour supply has increased the unemployment gap in some cases
- The long-term impact of the COVID-19 crisis is not yet known
- Supporting young people with disability
- Young people with disability are a particularly disadvantaged group
- Countries provide income security for young people with disability in different ways
- Successful transition to the labour market starts with inclusive education
- Supporting education completion and the transition to the labour market
- Linking school-to-work support with social protection for young people with disability
- Providing incentive-compatible and adequate social protection
- The majority of adults with disability not able to work receive social benefits
- Disability benefit programmes have seen changes in many OECD countries
- The employment effects of disability benefit reforms have often been modest
- The need for early intervention calls for a strong sickness benefit programme
- Early intervention is equally important for unemployed people with disability-related employment barriers
- Participation requirements and regular reassessments of the situation are needed
- Disability benefits provide income security but benefit systems are fragmented
- Disability benefits alone are not sufficient to prevent widespread poverty
- Harnessing the promise of the Future of Work for all
- Work is going to look different in the future, and the future is now.
- Ongoing labour market change may affect people with disability unfavourably
- Ongoing changes might affect the health of workers and the prevalence of disability
- Improving the quality and flexibility of dependent employment is critical
- Improve access to social protection for new forms of work and self-employment
- Pivot advances in technology towards inclusion
- Getting skills right for all
- Higher employment of people with disability is hampered by a skills gap
- Participation of people with disability in adult learning is also lagging behind
- Provide effective career guidance that is accessible and disability inclusive
- Reach out to potential learners, including learners with disability
- Make mainstream adult learning accessible, flexible and relevant
- Disability mainstreaming should be an objective in all OECD countries
- 2 Labour market inclusion of people with disability: Where are we now?
- 2.1. The size of the population with disability varies hugely across cultures
- 2.2. Education improvement is not enough to close the education gap
- 2.2.1. Continuous improvement in educational attainment
- 2.2.2. However, disability remains a risk factor for early school leaving
- 2.3. Labour market outcomes have changed little in the past 15 years
- 2.3.1. Small improvement lately in labour supply
- 2.3.2. But high levels of unemployment and almost unchanged levels of employment
- 2.3.3. Severity of disability, gender, age and level of education effects
- 2.3.4. The impact of disability prevalence on labour market outcomes
- 2.3.5. Relatively minor discrepancies in employment characteristics and job quality
- 2.3.6. However, labour market dynamics are different for people with disability
- 2.4. Benefits play a very critical role in the income of people with disability.
- 2.4.1. People with disability receive all kinds of income-replacement benefits
- 2.4.2. Type-of-benefit distributions vary by country but also with age
- 2.4.3. Most people with disability who do not work receive social benefits
- 2.5. Inequality and poverty remain high for people with disability
- 2.5.1. Income levels differ between households with and without people with disability
- 2.5.2. Type-of-benefit distributions vary by country but also with age
- 2.5.3. Disability poverty gaps are large in a majority of OECD countries
- Annex 2.A. Additional figures
- 3 Supporting all young people in education and into employment
- 3.1. Who are the young people with disability?
- 3.1.1. Young people with disability often suffer from mental health disorders
- 3.1.2. The educational gap starts early for young people with disability
- Young people with disability live more often in single-parent and poorer households
- Intergenerational transmission of disadvantages are large for young people with disability
- 3.2. Social protection of children and young people with disability
- 3.2.1. Income support system
- Child allowance benefits for young people with disability
- Disability benefit programmes
- Minimum income programmes
- 3.2.2. Benefit receipt and coverage
- Benefit receipt rates
- Disability programmes in selected OECD countries
- Targeting and benefit coverage
- 3.2.3. How does benefit receipt at young age affect outcomes later in life?
- 3.3. Helping young people with disability transition from school to employment
- 3.3.1. Education of young people with disability
- 3.3.2. Entering the labour market
- Preventing inactivity
- Reaching out to NEETs with disability
- School-to-work transition programmes
- 3.4. Support to help young people with disability thrive in the labour market.
- 1. Mainstreaming the social protection of young people with disability
- 2. Completing the transition towards inclusive education systems
- 3. Supporting the transition to the labour market
- 4. Linking school-to-work supports and social protection
- References
- 4 Designing employment-compatible social protection for all
- 4.1. Disability benefit systems
- 4.1.1. Institutional details and disability benefit outcomes
- Variation in disability benefit receipt
- Inflows to the programmes
- Outflows from disability programmes
- 4.1.2. Reforms of disability programmes
- 4.1.3. Reforms and the impact on the employment of people with disability
- 4.2. Designs to improve the employment of people with disability
- 4.2.1. Early intervention: Maintaining the employability of people with disability
- Gatekeeping disability insurance by promoting a swift return to work from paid sick leave
- Return-to-work strategies
- Stricter monitoring and screening of sick-listed individuals
- Graded return to work
- Generosity of sickness insurance programmes
- Aligning sickness and disability programmes
- The role of Public Employment Services
- Vocational rehabilitation for disability benefit claimants
- Transitional disability programmes
- 4.2.2. Combining work and disability benefit receipt: The role of financial incentives
- 4.2.3. Tightening disability insurance
- 4.3. Spillovers from disability insurance to other programmes
- 4.4. Adequacy of social protection for people with disability
- 4.4.1. Coverage of disability programmes
- Level of payments
- 4.5. Towards social protection for people with disability that promotes their employment
- 1. Make disability programmes a non-final state
- 2. Implement mandatory early intervention approaches
- 3. Introduce work incentives in disability and other social protection programmes.
- 4. Tackle the fragmentation of social protection
- 5. Take a holistic approach to reforming social protection
- 6. Address poverty through mainstream social protection
- References
- Annex 4.A. Additional table
- 5 Harnessing the promise of the Future of Work for all
- 5.1. The impacts of a changing world of work on prevalence of disability
- 5.1.1. Impacts of technological change, AI and globalisation on health
- 5.1.2. Impacts of non-standard forms of work and self-employment on health
- 5.1.3. Impacts of teleworking on health
- 5.2. The promises and perils of technological change, AI and globalisation for people with disability
- 5.2.1. Automation and polarisation are larger job risks for people with disability
- 5.2.2. Technology and AI can help to accommodate disabilities, but only if geared well
- 5.3. Non-standard forms of work and self-employment do not necessarily improve the labour market position of people with disability
- 5.4. Teleworking can be an important enabler for people with disability
- 5.5. Towards a healthy and inclusive Future of Work for all
- 1. Invest in skills and digital access
- 2. Build inclusive public employment services
- 3. Improve job quality of dependent employment by mainstreaming flexibility
- 4. Improve job quality of non-standard forms of work and self-employment
- 5. Pivot advancements in innovation and technology towards inclusion
- References
- Annex 5.A. Job quality of non-standard forms of work
- Notes
- 6 Getting skills right for all
- 6.1. Continuous skill investments are crucial for production and inclusion
- 6.2. People with disability have lower skills
- 6.3. People with disability participate less often in adult learning
- 6.4. People with disability may less often receive the training they need
- 6.5. Towards adult learning that delivers for people with disability.
- 1. Apply an active mainstreaming approach with widely available flexibility.
