International Migration Outlook 2022.
The 2022 edition of International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and the labour market inclusion of immigrants in OECD countries. It also monitors recent policy changes in migration governance and integration in OECD countries.
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| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Paris :
Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development
2022.
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| Edición: | 1st ed |
| Colección: | International Migration Outlook Series
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| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009704821706719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Intro
- Foreword
- Editorial
- We must continue to co-ordinate our responses to the ongoing Ukrainian refugee crisis, as well as plan for their longer-term displacement
- Executive summary
- Migration flows bounced back in 2021
- Labour market outcomes of immigrants were more resilient than expected
- The global competition for talent is back on the policy agenda
- Responding to the refugee crisis from Ukraine
- International students make a large economic contribution in most OECD countries
- Key findings
- Key facts and figures
- 1 Recent developments in international migration movements and labour market inclusion of immigrants
- Recent trends in international migration
- Permanent-type migration to OECD countries partially bounced back in 2021
- Temporary worker migration has not returned to its pre-COVID-19 level
- Inflow of international seasonal workers remained stable during the pandemic
- Other types of temporary labour migration were significantly impacted by the pandemic
- Contrasting trends in the number of worker postings within the OECD-Europe area in 2020
- Shifts in origin and destination of asylum seekers
- A strong rebound in asylum seeking, but not up to pre-COVID-19 levels
- China and India start to lose their lead as main origin countries
- Size and composition of foreign-born populations in OECD countries
- Foreign-born population continued to rise during the pandemic
- Men still account for more than half of migration flows but their share decreased in 2020
- Record acquisitions of citizenship in OECD countries in 2021
- Recent trends in labour market outcomes for immigrants in the OECD area
- In 2021, the labour market situation of immigrants improved in most OECD countries
- The risk of long-term unemployment for migrants increased as a result of the crisis.
- Post COVID-19 changes in the labour market outcomes of migrants differ according to certain socio-demographic characteristics
- Improved labour market integration of women compared to 2019
- Employment of young migrants has increased compared to 2020 but remains below the pre-crisis level
- The labour market situation of recently arrived migrants significantly improved in 2021
- Disparities in terms of labour market integration based on origins persist in 2021
- References
- Annex 1.A. Supplementary tables and figures
- 2 Recent developments in migration policy
- Introduction
- Changes to COVID-19 mitigation measures
- Border requirements and travel restrictions
- Recovery strategies
- Managing labour migration
- Attracting talent
- Job-search permits and smooth recruitment processes of graduates and young professionals
- Recent policy shifts on (highly-)skilled workers
- Talent retention strategies
- Supporting business and investors
- Addressing pressing labour shortage in the agriculture sector…
- … While further protecting seasonal workers from exploitation
- Streamlined entry and recruitment of temporary workers
- Pathways to permanent residency for temporary residents
- Family migration
- International protection and geopolitical considerations
- Recent changes in asylum-related policies
- Humanitarian admission
- Making use of innovative digital tools
- Return and readmission policies
- References
- Notes
- 3 Recent developments in migrant integration policy
- Introduction
- Flexibility introduced in response to COVID-19 may remain as the pandemic ebbs
- Regularisation has seen a new impetus in several countries
- Countries continue to take disparate approaches toward naturalisation
- Some countries have acted to encourage increased naturalisation…
- …others have introduced flexibility….
- … while still others have considered restrictions or additional requirements
- Reforms to the composition of and eligibility for integration measures
- Access to education and skills recognition remains high on the integration policy agenda
- Language for adult migrants is an increasingly universal pillar of integration measures
- Countries have continued their attention to anti-discrimination policies, including in the context of broader anti-racism strategies
- Specific needs of women and young migrants
- Countries seek to reduce gender barriers to increase equality of outcomes
- Recognition of issues specific to migrant youth has increased
- Countries reorganise and delineate responsibilities to improve co-ordination
- References
- 4 Responding to the Ukrainian refugee crisis
- Introduction
- Migration flows triggered by the Russian large-scale invasion of Ukraine
- Immigration permits and rights granted to Ukrainians
- The EU activated the Temporary Protection Directive
- Approaches in other OECD countries
- Initial support measures in OECD countries
- Emergency shelter
- Access to assistance and public services
- Transitioning towards medium and long-term responses
- Securing durable housing
- Capacity constraints and dispersal
- Assistance with finding and securing accommodation
- Ensuring educational continuity
- Primary and secondary education
- Vocational education and training (VET)
- Tertiary education
- Promoting employment and employability
- Job search and matching
- Skills assessment and recognition
- Addressing gender-specific needs
- Emerging challenges
- Phasing out temporary protection in the EU and beyond
- Transitioning from exceptional measures to mainstream solutions
- Addressing secondary movements
- Preparing for changes in public opinion and support
- References
- Notes.
- 5 International students: A growing group of migrants in the OECD
- Introduction
- Overview of international students in OECD countries
- What is an international student?
- A profile of international students
- Few origin countries dominate an increasingly diverse set of destinations
- International students are of varying, yet overall increasing, importance in the OECD
- International students make distinct academic choices
- The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly impacted on international student migration
- The special case of intra-European study exchange and Erasmus+
- Who studies where? Drivers of international student migration
- Macro factors shape international students' destination choices
- Tuition fees and admission
- The role of language of instruction
- Labour market access during and after studies
- References
- Annex 5.A. Supplementary tables
- Notes
- 6 Attraction, admission and retention policies for international students
- Introduction
- Outreach policy and communication strategies
- Communication channels
- Effective messaging
- Targeting specific students
- Parameters for admission
- Admission process
- Duration of study permit
- Tuition fees
- Language requirements
- Support policies during studies
- Employability and labour market access during studies
- Housing support and access to student loans and scholarships
- Family admission and their labour market access
- Stay prospects after graduation
- Ensuring system integrity and preventing abuse
- Issuing student visas only to bona fide students
- Monitoring of compliance with educational progress
- Monitoring compliance with employment restrictions
- Preventing use of student visas to conduct espionage
- Conclusion
- References
- Annex 6.A. Supplementary tables
- Notes
- 7 Retention and economic impact of international students in the OECD.
- Introduction
- Staying on: Retention of international students
- Retention as a policy focus
- Available evidence
- Methodological considerations and limitations
- Results
- Stay rates over time
- Stay rates of Chinese and Indian students
- International students as future labour migrants
- Economic impact
- Estimates of the macroeconomic impact
- Official Development Assistance
- Labour market impact at national and local level
- Long-term outcomes of international students who remain in the host country
- Conclusion
- References
- Annex 7.A. Supplementary table
- Notes
- 8 Country notes: Recent changes in migration movements and policies
- Australia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Canada
- Chile
- China
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Japan
- Korea
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Mexico
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Slovak Republic
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Türkiye
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Notes and data sources
- Foreign-born population
- Long-term immigration flows
- Temporary migration
- Inflows of top 10 nationalities
- Emigration of nationals to OECD countries
- Components of population growth
- Annual remittances
- Labour market outcomes
- Annex A. Statistical annex
- Inflows and outflows of foreign population
- Inflows of asylum seekers
- Stocks of foreign and foreign-born populations
- Acquisitions of nationality
- Introduction
- General comments
- List of the members of the OECD Expert Group on Migration
- Composition of OECD International Migration Division.
