OECD Employment Outlook 2022.
Two years into the pandemic, economic activity has recovered faster than expected. However, the labour market recovery is still uneven across sectors and is threatened by the economic fallout from Russia's aggression against Ukraine, which has generated the fastest growing humanitarian crisis i...
| Autor principal: | |
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| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Paris :
Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development
2022.
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| Edición: | 1st ed |
| Colección: | OECD Employment Outlook
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| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009704739106719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Intro
- Foreword
- Editorial: Bold action is vital to support living standards of the most vulnerable
- The labour market has recovered more than two years after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic but the outlook is highly uncertain amid the clouds of war
- Dark clouds on the horizon are likely to disproportionally overshadow prospects of those struggling to recover from the pandemic
- Wages are on the rise but not keeping pace with inflation
- Supporting the living standards of the most vulnerable should be a policy priority to ensure they do not suffer a disproportionate double blow from COVID-19 and the cost-of-living crisis
- Tackling labour shortages is critical to supporting living standards in the medium term
- Recovery plans create opportunities to better match demand and supply
- Executive summary
- Russia's aggression against Ukraine has heightened short-term economic uncertainty and undermined the strength of the labour market recovery
- The recovery from the COVID-19 crisis was stronger than expected, but labour market progress remains uneven across countries and groups of workers
- Countries' labour market and social policy responses were proportional to the challenges of the unprecedented COVID-19 crisis
- Labour markets are concentrated, which worsens job quality
- Firm wage-setting practices play a key role in shaping wage inequality
- Carefully designed and implemented working time policies can enhance workers' well-being while preserving employment and productivity
- Key facts and figures
- 1 A tale of two crises: Recent labour market developments across the OECD
- Introduction
- 1.1. The economic fallout of Russia's aggression against Ukraine threatens the strength of the economic recovery from the COVID-19 crisis.
- 1.1.1. Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine generated new adverse shocks and increased the uncertainty of the short-term outlook
- 1.2. The labour market recovery from the COVID-19 crisis was stronger than expected but uneven across countries
- 1.2.1. Hours show an incomplete recovery in many countries, and employment and inactivity rates paint a picture that varies across countries
- At the start of 2022, employment and inactivity rates had generally improved relative to the pre-crisis situation, but some countries were lagging behind
- Long-term unemployment is higher than before the crisis in many countries but generally receding
- 1.2.2. A surge in vacancies has led to a fast tightening of labour markets with widespread reports of labour shortages
- Reports of labour shortages by firms are widespread across sectors
- In some countries, quits have increased along with labour market tightness
- The fast tightening of labour markets is likely a consequence of the speed of the economic rebound
- 1.2.3. Despite tight labour markets, real wages are falling as high inflation exceeds modest nominal wage growth
- Tight labour markets might help improve the working conditions of the most disadvantage groups, but high inflation is likely to continue to erode real wages in the months to come
- The fall in real wages is hitting harder the low-pay groups who have already borne the brunt of the COVID-19 crisis
- 1.3. Low-pay service industries lag behind in the recovery
- 1.3.1. Employment still lags behind in low-pay services, but has grown in high-pay services
- 1.4. Much of the initial very unequal impact of the crisis has been re-absorbed, but some vulnerable groups lags behind in the recovery in many countries
- 1.4.1. Young people have recovered some of the lost ground but are still lagging behind, especially in some countries.
- Among older adults, employment is close to pre-pandemic levels in most countries
- 1.4.2. Workers without tertiary education continue to lag behind in the recovery
- 1.4.3. After the initial hard blow, women's employment has progressively improved over the crisis despite the increased burden of unpaid care work
- Over the course of the crisis, women have shouldered the bulk of the burden from the increase in unpaid care work
- 1.4.4. Across the OECD, migrants have recovered the ground lost at the start of the crisis
- 1.4.5. Racial/ethnic minorities have often been affected by the crisis disproportionally, and in some countries are they are recovering more slowly
- 1.5. The crisis has drawn attention to the low quality of many frontline jobs
- 1.5.1. Occupations involving a higher risk of COVID-19 infection employed more low-paid workers, young people, low educated, migrants and ethnic minorities
- 1.5.2. Frontline workers report lower job security, lower health and mental well-being and a much higher risk of contagion
- 1.6. Concluding remarks
- References
- Annex 1.A. Additional results
- Annex 1.B. Adjustments to the breaks in Eurostat time-series
- Annex 1.C. List of at-risk occupations
- Notes
- 2 Supporting jobs and incomes: An update on the policy response to the COVID-19 crisis
- Introduction
- An update of countries' COVID-19 policy support to workers and households
- 2.1.1. Job retention schemes
- Several countries phased out job retention support, and use has declined in others
- Limiting access: Some countries restrict job retention support to firms most affected
- Limiting generosity: Some countries have reduced the subsidy rate for job retention
- 2.1.2. Income support for workers affected by job and earnings losses
- Most OECD countries temporarily extended unemployment benefits for dependent workers.
- Many unemployment benefit extensions were still in place in January 2021, but they have largely expired since
- The COVID-19 crisis highlighted the need for unemployment support for self-employed workers
- Unemployment benefit receipt has remained low in many countries with comprehensive job retention schemes
- 2.1.3. Paid sick leave
- Many countries expanded paid sick leave during the first pandemic wave, but only few have made additional changes since
- Take-up of paid sick leave reflects the changing role of paid sick leave over the course of the pandemic
- Policy priorities are changing as countries move out of, and beyond, the pandemic
- 2.1.4. Active labour market policies
- The changed environment: Challenges facing the public employment services
- Spending on active labour market policies further increased in 2021, but to a lesser extent than in 2020
- Re-orientation of public employment services strategies and operating models, including via greater digitalisation
- Adapting the design and mode of delivery of active labour market policies to support an inclusive recovery
- Post-COVID-19 priorities for active labour market policies and public employment services
- Spotlights on specific policies for women, young people, frontline workers and racial/ethnic minorities
- Spotlight 1: Labour market and social policies to support women during the COVID-19 crisis
- Unpaid work increased during the pandemic, especially for women
- Working from home can be a double-edged sword for women
- Women entrepreneurs under strain
- Victims of domestic violence more exposed to their abusers
- Spotlight 2: Protecting young people from scarring effects and economic hardship
- Supporting young labour market entrants
- Reaching out to the "hidden NEETs"
- Providing income support to students affected by job loss.
- Ensuring integrated support for young people experiencing poor mental health
- Spotlight 3: Improving job quality for frontline workers
- Special provisions for frontline workers: Reducing health risks and improving job quality
- COVID-19 and the rising shortage of frontline workers: How countries are responding
- Spotlight 4: Supporting racial/ethnic minorities through the COVID-19 crisis
- Racial/ethnic minorities in OECD countries and their labour market experience in crisis and recovery
- Half of OECD countries with available data have had specific labour market or social policies in place to support racial/ethnic minorities during the crisis
- Emerging from COVID-19: Challenges and priorities for labour market and social policy in 2022
- Concluding remarks
- References
- Notes
- 3 Monopsony and concentration in the labour market
- Introduction
- 3.1. The general case of monopsony
- 3.1.1. Firms retain ample wage-setting power, even in what should be competitive markets
- 3.1.2. Monopsony may fall disproportionately on certain groups
- 3.2. How concentrated are OECD labour markets?
- 3.2.1. A sizeable share of workers are in concentrated labour markets
- Some blue-collar and health-related occupations are in more concentrated labour markets
- Concentration is lower in urban areas
- 3.2.2. Concentration does not vary substantially by demographic groups
- 3.2.3. Labour market concentration and the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted existing inequalities in the labour market
- 3.2.4. Concentration rose at the onset of the crisis, but it has largely returned to pre-COVID-19 levels
- 3.3. The effects of labour market concentration on labour market performance
- 3.3.1. Labour market concentration tends to reduce employment
- 3.3.2. Labour market concentration also has an adverse impact on job quality.
- Labour market concentration reduces earnings.
