OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
Finland has a strong reputation as a leader in environmental policy and sustainable development. It committed to become carbon neutral by 2035 and to pioneer the world's first circular economy.
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| Autor Corporativo: | |
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Paris :
Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development
2022.
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| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009704677106719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Intro
- Foreword
- Reader's guide
- Basic statistics of Finland
- Executive summary
- Finland should turn its ambitious strategies into effective and coherent action
- GHG emissions fell, but uncertainties remain on the path to carbon neutrality
- A flexible and zero-carbon electricity sector is key to decarbonise the economy
- There is scope to reduce the carbon footprint of buildings and neighbourhoods
- Policies to reverse car dependency should be at the core of climate action
- Finland needs to consolidate the good outcomes of air and water management
- Swift action is required to make Finland a circular economy leader
- Finland should do more to halt biodiversity loss
- Environmental governance is based on transparency and collaboration with private operators, but a few regulatory gaps remain
- The recovery plan is geared towards a carbon-neutral and circular economy
- Finland's businesses are innovative and active in green markets
- Green taxation can help Finland achieve its ambitious environmental goals
- Assessment and recommendations
- 1. Environmental performance: Trends and policy developments
- Finland aims to become a model country for environmental sustainability
- Finland met its 2020 renewable energy, energy efficiency and climate targets
- Efforts to strengthen climate resilience are relatively advanced
- Air quality is good, but more could be done to reduce particulate pollution in urban areas
- Accelerated action is needed to make Finland a circular economy leader
- Biodiversity remains at risk
- More needs to be done to reduce water pollution
- 2. Environmental governance and management
- National and local environmental institutions collaborate well, but the regional structure is fragmented
- Environmental permitting uses advanced approaches….
- …but environmental assessment and land-use planning have implementation gaps
- Compliance assurance relies on trust and engagement of the regulated community
- Promotion of compliance and green business practices is a core governance tool
- Transparency and environmental education foster broad public involvement
- 3. Towards green growth
- Sustainable development is high on Finland's political agenda, but implementation gaps persist
- The recovery plan is geared towards a carbon-neutral and circular economy
- Continuous focus on eco-innovation, green markets and skills is key for Finland's green transition
- Green taxation can help Finland achieve its ambitious environmental goals
- Energy and carbon taxes set a price on CO2 emissions, but weaknesses remain
- A mix of vehicle taxation and road pricing would contribute to decarbonising transport
- 4. Climate change and well-being
- Finland's GHG emissions have fallen in the last decade
- Finland aims to become carbon neutral by 2035, but key uncertainties remain
- Going for a high accessibility and low emissions transport system
- Placing policies to reverse car dependency at the core of climate action
- Improving vehicle technology and decarbonising fuels remain important but face challenges
- Further decarbonising electricity is key to decarbonise other sectors
- Substituting coal and peat by low-carbon technologies is key
- Enhance flexibility through demand response and sector integration
- Increasing energy performance of buildings through renovation is insufficient
- More emphasis on non-combustion technologies to decarbonise heat is needed
- Looking at the neighbourhood and city level can increase levers of climate action
- References
- Notes
- Annex 1. Actions taken to implement selected recommendations from the 2009 OECD Environmental Performance Review of Finland.
- Part I. Progress towards sustainable development
- Chapter 1. Key environmental trends
- 1.1. Introduction
- 1.2. Promoting sustained and inclusive economic growth
- 1.2.1. Economic performance and structure of the economy
- 1.2.2. Population and well-being
- 1.3. Moving towards a low-carbon and climate-resilient economy
- 1.3.1. Energy mix and intensity
- 1.3.2. Climate change mitigation
- 1.3.3. Climate change impacts and adaptation policy
- 1.4. Improving air quality
- 1.4.1. Atmospheric emissions
- 1.4.2. Air quality
- 1.5. Moving towards a circular economy
- 1.5.1. Waste and material management
- 1.5.2. The circular economy policy framework
- 1.6. Halting biodiversity loss
- 1.6.1. Conservation status of habitats and species
- Wetland and peatlands
- 1.6.2. Policy measures for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use
- Protected areas
- The National Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation and Sustainable use of Biodiversity
- Mainstreaming of biodiversity in forestry and agriculture
- 1.7. Improving water resource management
- 1.7.1. Water quality
- 1.7.2. Water supply and sanitation
- References
- Notes
- Chapter 2. Environmental governance and management
- 2.1. Introduction
- 2.2. Institutional framework for environmental governance
- 2.2.1. Central government and horizontal co-ordination
- 2.2.2. Local government and vertical co-ordination
- 2.3. Setting of regulatory requirements
- 2.3.1. Regulatory and policy evaluation
- 2.3.2. Environmental impact assessment and permitting
- 2.3.3. Land-use planning
- 2.4. Compliance assurance
- 2.4.1. Environmental inspections
- 2.4.2. Enforcement
- 2.4.3. Environmental liability
- Contaminated sites
- 2.4.4. Promotion of compliance and green practices
- Voluntary business initiatives
- Environmental management system certifications.
- Greening public procurement
- 2.5. Promoting environmental democracy
- 2.5.1. Public participation in environmental decision making
- 2.5.2. Access to environmental information
- 2.5.3. Access to justice
- 2.5.4. Environmental education
- References
- Notes
- Chapter 3. Towards green growth
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Ensuring the framework conditions for sustainable development
- 3.3. Promoting a green and inclusive economic recovery from the COVID-19 crisis
- 3.4. Investing in environmental and low-carbon infrastructure and services
- 3.4.1. National environmental protection expenditure
- 3.4.2. Investment for a climate-neutral and circular economy
- Renewable energy
- Buildings
- Sustainable transport
- 3.5. Greening the system of taxes and charges
- 3.5.1. Overview
- 3.5.2. Taxes on energy use and carbon pricing
- 3.5.3. Transport-related taxes and charges
- Tax treatment of company cars and commuting allowances
- 3.5.4. Taxes on pollution and natural resource use
- Waste and material use
- 3.6. Removing potentially perverse incentives
- 3.6.1. Fossil fuel subsidies
- 3.6.2. Agricultural subsidies
- 3.7. Fostering eco-innovation and expanding green markets
- 3.7.1. Environment-related research and innovation
- 3.7.2. The environmental goods and services sector
- 3.7.3. Employment opportunities in the green sectors
- References
- Notes
- Part II. Progress towards selected environmental objectives
- Chapter 4. Climate change mitigation
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. Achieving GHG emission reduction targets
- 4.2.1. Key GHG emission trends
- 4.2.2. The carbon neutrality target to 2035
- 4.3. Refocusing climate action through a well-being lens
- 4.4. Going for a high-accessibility and low-emission transport system
- 4.4.1. Key mobility trends
- 4.4.2. Finland's low-carbon transport strategy.
- 4.4.3. Placing policies to reverse car dependency at the core of climate action
- Increasing competitiveness of sustainable modes to reverse their erosion
- Redesigning public space and road management to shift from induced demand to disappearing traffic
- Integrating land-use and transport systems to shift from urban sprawl to proximity
- 4.4.4. Improving vehicle technology and decarbonising fuels
- Promoting the uptake of electric vehicles
- Increasing biofuel obligations
- 4.5. Towards a flexible, zero-carbon electricity sector
- 4.5.1. Managing the transition for phasing out peat and fossil fuels
- 4.5.2. Shifting support from mature to non-mature technologies
- 4.5.3. Enhancing power sector flexibility
- 4.6. Towards a zero-carbon building sector with low-energy buildings
- 4.6.1. Increasing energy performance of buildings through renovation
- Enhancing buildings' energy performance by scaling up deep retrofits
- Applying best-practice standards for new buildings along the life cycle
- 4.6.2. Decarbonising heat with a stronger focus on non-combustion technologies
- 4.6.3. Reshaping the built environment: Adaptation and mitigation at city level
- References
- Notes.
