OECD Health Policy Studies Preventing Harmful Alcohol Use

OECD Health Policy Studies Preventing Harmful Alcohol Use

One in three adults has engaged in binge drinking at least once in the previous month, and one in five teenagers has experienced drunkenness by age 15. Harmful patterns of alcohol consumption have far-reaching consequences for individuals, society and the economy.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (author)
Corporate Author: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, author, issuing body (author)
Format: eBook
Language:Inglés
Published: Paris, France : OECD Publishing [2021]
Edition:First edition
Subjects:
Alcoholism > Prevention.
See on Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009704615206719
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Acknowledgements
  • Editorial: Preventing harmful alcohol consumption to promote healthier and stronger recovery after COVID-19
  • Table of contents
  • Acronyms and abbreviations
  • Preventing harmful alcohol use
  • Executive summary
  • Harmful alcohol consumption remains concentrated in certain population groups, including during the COVID-19 pandemic
  • Alcohol-related diseases damage population health, health care budgets and the economy
  • Tackling harmful alcohol consumption is an excellent investment
  • 1 Addressing harmful alcohol use
  • 1.1. Harmful alcohol consumption is a major public health threat that can be prevented by effective policy action
  • 1.1.1. Harmful use of alcohol: the size of the problem
  • 1.1.2. People who drink heavily consume a large share of total alcohol, while almost one in three people in the OECD binge drink
  • 1.1.3. More than 60% of teenagers aged 15 drink alcohol and one in five has experienced drunkenness at least twice
  • 1.1.4. Women with a high level of education and individuals in the lowest and highest income groups are more likely to binge drink
  • 1.2. Chronic diseases caused by alcohol consumption damage population health and the economy
  • 1.2.1. Alcohol-related chronic diseases worsen population health and decrease life expectancy
  • 1.2.2. Alcohol-related diseases account for a significant share of total health expenditure
  • 1.2.3. Harmful alcohol consumption negatively affects educational outcomes and human capital formation
  • 1.2.4. Chronic diseases caused by alcohol consumption damage labour force productivity, personal budgets and the economy
  • 1.3. The policy response to harmful alcohol use can be improved by using the most effective intervention in each policy domain and by extending coverage
  • 1.3.1. Policies to modify the cost of alcohol, such as taxes and MUP.
  • 1.3.2. Policies to modify the availability of alcohol, such as legal minimum age and sales restrictions
  • 1.3.3. Policies to counter drink-driving, such as enforcement of sobriety checkpoints or blood alcohol concentration limits
  • 1.3.4. Policies to regulate alcohol marketing, such as regulation of advertising and sponsorships
  • 1.3.5. Policies to enhance screening, brief interventions and treatment
  • 1.3.6. Policies to modify consumption through consumer information, such as warning labels and campaigns
  • 1.4. Upscaling public health actions to tackle harmful alcohol consumption has a positive impact on population health and is an excellent investment for OECD countries
  • 1.4.1. Policies to tackle harmful alcohol consumption: What works and provides a good return on investment
  • Substantial health gains may be achieved by scaling up many of the assessed policies to the national level
  • Many interventions have a significant impact on health expenditure, and MUP, taxation and restrictions on opening hours are cost-saving
  • All the interventions show potential to increase labour force participation and productivity, but the impact on early retirement is more limited
  • All the interventions are affordable, and in the majority of cases the return on investment is significantly greater than the implementation cost
  • 1.4.2. Combining policies into a coherent prevention strategy helps countries reach a critical mass with a greater impact
  • 1.5. Public health policies may affect industry revenues, but countermeasures exist to minimise additional costs
  • 1.5.1. Alcohol policies may trigger implementation costs such as changes in packaging and marketing strategies as well as R&amp
  • D costs
  • 1.5.2. Alcohol policies designed to reduce consumption directly affect the earnings of alcohol industry.
  • 1.5.3. Alcohol policies may also have a broader impact for the whole alcohol industry and beyond
  • 1.6. Conclusion: tackling harmful alcohol consumption and its related chronic diseases should be a policy priority and can be economically sound
  • References
  • Annex 1.A. Policy progress
  • Notes
  • 2 Trends and patterns in alcohol consumption
  • 2.1. Why is harmful alcohol consumption a public health concern?
  • 2.2. Alcohol consumption varies across OECD, G20 and EU27 countries
  • 2.2.1. How much alcohol is consumed in OECD, G20 and EU27 countries?
  • 2.2.2. What are the most consumed types of alcohol?
  • 2.2.3. Is alcohol consumption increasing or decreasing?
  • 2.2.4. How common is heavy episodic drinking?
  • 2.2.5. How much alcohol is drunk by heavy drinkers?
  • 2.2.6. How prevalent is alcohol dependence?
  • 2.3. Alcohol consumption changes over the life course
  • 2.3.1. At what age is alcohol consumption most prevalent?
  • 2.3.2. How has youth drinking evolved over time?
  • 2.3.3. Does drinking in childhood predict future drinking patterns?
  • 2.4. Social inequalities are a driver of variations in drinking patterns
  • 2.4.1. Are people with a higher income more or less likely to drink?
  • 2.4.2. Are people with a higher education more or less likely to drink?
  • 2.5. Trends in alcohol affordability affect levels of consumption
  • 2.5.1. Is alcohol becoming more affordable?
  • 2.5.2. What is driving the trend in alcohol affordability?
  • 2.6. Conclusion: Understanding trends and patterns is crucial to address alcohol consumption
  • References
  • Annex 2.A. Additional data and graphs
  • Notes
  • 3 Exploring the determinants of regional differences in alcohol consumption patterns in European countries: A special focus on the role of policies and social norms
  • 3.1. Regional differences exist in alcohol consumption patterns in Europe.
  • 3.2. The alcohol problem varies across the regions of Europe
  • 3.2.1. How high is the drinking level?
  • 3.2.2. How risky is the drinking pattern?
  • 3.2.3. How big is the burden of alcohol on health?
  • 3.3. The level of implementation of alcohol policies differs across European countries
  • 3.4. Factors beyond policy actions influence drinking patterns
  • 3.5. Conclusion: Several dimensions affect the regional differences in alcohol consumption
  • References
  • Annex 3.A. Additional data
  • 4 The health and economic burden of alcohol consumption
  • 4.1. There is a strong economic case for investing in preventing harmful consumption and in treatment
  • 4.1.1. Previous studies estimated the health care cost of alcohol consumption to be up to 7% of total health expenditure
  • 4.1.2. Existing studies suggest that the impact of alcohol consumption on the wider economy is between 0.4% and 1.6% of GDP
  • 4.1.3. The OECD SPHeP-NCDs model estimates the health and economic burden of diseases caused by alcohol consumption
  • 4.2. Alcohol consumption above the 1/1.5 drinks per day cap and its related diseases reduce life expectancy in OECD countries by 0.9 years
  • 4.3. Diseases caused by alcohol consumption above 1 drink per day for women and 1.5 drinks per day for men account for over 2.4% of total health expenditure in OECD countries
  • 4.4. Diseases caused by alcohol consumption have a negative impact on employment and productivity
  • 4.5. At a macroeconomic level, GDP in OECD countries is 1.6% lower due to diseases caused by alcohol consumption above the 1/1.5 drinks per day cap
  • 4.6. Conclusion: Alcohol consumption has a considerable health and economic burden for individuals and society
  • References
  • Annex 4.A. Sensitivity analysis to take out the protective effect of alcohol consumption on ischaemic CVDs and diabetes.
  • Annex 4.B. The burden of any alcohol consumption
  • Notes
  • 5 The relationship between alcohol consumption and educational outcomes in children
  • 5.1. Alcohol use can affect educational outcomes through different pathways
  • 5.1.1. Biological, behavioural and emotional factors mediate the relationship between alcohol use and education
  • 5.1.2. Bullying is linked to alcohol use
  • 5.1.3. Life satisfaction is negatively associated with alcohol use
  • 5.2. There is a clear association between school performance and alcohol use in OECD countries
  • 5.2.1. Drinking initiation is negatively associated with performance at school
  • 5.2.2. Drunkenness is negatively associated with performance at school
  • 5.3. Some evidence exists of a causal relationship between alcohol use and educational outcomes
  • 5.3.1. The literature presents mixed evidence for the causal effect of alcohol use on educational outcomes
  • 5.3.2. OECD analysis suggests there may be a negative causal relationship between alcohol use and educational outcomes in some countries
  • Alcohol use is associated with lower educational performance in the United States but not in New Zealand
  • The relationship between the frequency of alcohol use and educational attainment differs across countries
  • 5.4. Conclusion: Early alcohol use is a concern for individuals and societies
  • References
  • Annex 5.A. Additional graphs
  • 6 Policies and best practices for reducing the harmful consumption of alcohol
  • 6.1. Consumption of alcohol is associated with negative health, social and economic consequences
  • 6.2. Reducing the harmful consumption of alcohol: Which polices work?
  • 6.2.1. What is the international policy context?
  • 6.2.2. What is the national policy context?
  • 6.3. Alcohol pricing is a key method used to reduce consumption.
  • 6.3.1. Several countries use taxation to target alcohol prices.

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